Fig. 1

Life history characteristics of two aphid parasitoids. a Generalized life cycle of Aphidius ervi and Lysiphlebus fabarum, two parasitoid wasp species that infect aphid hosts. Figure by Alice Dennis. b Life history characteristics of the two species. c Phylogenetic relationships of the Ichneumonoidea species listed in Table 2, rooted with Nasonia vitripennis (Chalcidoidea). Average divergence times between major groups and phylogenetic relationships have been modified, after Supplemental Figure S1 in [9, 11], Ichneumon cf. albiger is also included to better match dating available from [11]. The subfamily for each species is given after the species name