Fig. 6

Molecular characterization of identified DEGs from barley shoot. a Quantification by ddPCR of the absolute expression levels of the DEGs belonging to two selected pathways in barley shoots. Two up-regulated DEGs, which encode endonuclease S1/P1 and 3′-5′ exonuclease, are involved in nucleic acid metabolism and further RNA degradation. Two down-regulated DEGs, which encode two different oxalate oxidases, are involved in the reduction of oxidative stress. The bars represent copy numbers normalized to 1000 copies of the ARF1 reference gene; *p-value < 0.05, **p-value < 0.001, calculated using two-tailed Student’s t-tests for three biological and two technical replicates. b Localization of all P1BS and P-responsive PHO cis-regulatory elements within the 2000 bp upstream from the DEG TSSs. On the graph, grouped motifs are specifically located in every 500 bp, induced (log2(fc) > 0), or repressed (log2(fc) < 0). The motif quantity in each group is shown in either red (P1BS) or blue (PHO elements) dots