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Table 2 The summary of safety risks in all isolates

From: Whole-genome analysis of probiotic product isolates reveals the presence of genes related to antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, and toxic metabolites, posing potential health risks

Isolates

Toxic Metabolites

Virulence factors

Antibiotic resistance

Number of active prophages

Number of transposons

Number of plasmids

L. rhamnosus TK-F8B

none

none

none

0

0

2

B. animalis subsp. lactis TK-J6A

none

none

tetracycline, rifamycin

0

0

0

L. helveticus TK-J7A

D-lactate

none

none

0

0

2

L. plantarum TK-P2A

D-lactate

none

none

0

0

2

S. thermophilus TK-P3A

none

adhesion, biofilm formation, virulence

none

0

0

1

E. faecalis TK-P4B

biogenic amines

biofilm formation, virulence

multidrug resistance

1

1

3

E. faecium TK-P5D

biogenic amines

adhesion, biofilm formation, virulence

multidrug resistance

3

0

1

L. delbrueckii P3MRA

D-lactate, nitrocompounds

none

none

0

0

0

L. reuteri TK-F8A

D-lactate

none

none

5

0

0

L. paracasei TK-P4A

none

none

none

4

0

3