ddRAD sequencing: an emerging technology added to the biosecurity toolbox for tracing the origin of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Table 3 The pairwise F_ST (Fixation index) among the five genetic clusters

	Cluster 1	Cluster 2	Cluster 3	Cluster 4
Cluster 2	0.0556
Cluster 3	0.0241	0.0845
Cluster 4	0.0666	0.1333	0.0421
Cluster 5	0.1402	0.2084	0.1153	0.0847

Note: All the values are statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). Fst value ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 means no genetic difference (i.e. similar) and 1 means high difference (isolated populations). Values close to zero indicate the populations are sharing their genetic structure and has minimal difference between them. The five clusters are: Cluster 1: Chile, Georgia, Hungary Turkey, Italy and the USA; Cluster 2: Romania; Cluster3: Austria, Serbia and Slovenia; Cluster 4: China and Cluster 5: Japan

ISSN: 1471-2164