Multi-trait genomic prediction using in-season physiological parameters increases prediction accuracy of complex traits in US wheat

Table 1 Mean squares of the combined analysis of variance across different environments for primary and secondary traits

Traits	Genotype G	Environment E	Interaction G X E
HI	0.00753^c	1.33432^c	0.00440^c
GY	1604151^c	284430102^c	1125063^b
GN	13979431^c	1820498352^c	10631742^a
SPI	0.00419^c	0.33176^c	0.00334^c
FE	1147.4^c	8185.1^c	1531.6^c
NDVI	43.8^c	12,681.6^c	17.7
CT	1.7^a	3733.3^c	1.4

HI harvest index, GY grain yield in kg ha^− 1, GN grain number m^− 2, SPI spike partitioning index, FE fruiting efficiency in grains g^− 1 of spike dry weight at anthesis+ 7 days, NDVI normalized difference vegetation index, CT canopy temperature in ^o C
^a, ^b, ^csignificant at 0.05, 0.005 and 0.001 levels, respectively

ISSN: 1471-2164