Table 2 List of select pig host genes detected in ASFV-infected pigs. Genes were selected based on function and mean fold change for three dose groups. The highest expressed fold change value between medium and high dose groups was recorded

 CD163

− 1.85

1.76E-02

CD163 antigen

A hemoglobin-specific receptor is found on the cell surface of macrophages involved in iron recycling and inflammatory response.

[52, 53]

 RGS16

4.18

9.93E-19

Regulator of G Protein Signaling 16

Restricts pro-inflammatory response of monocytes

[54]

 HOX-1

−2.13

2.06E-05

Heme oxygenase-1

Pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory effects

[55, 56]

 S100A8

7.03

3.01E-09

Calcyclin

Binds CD68

[57]

 CSF3R

2.11

1.29E-02

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Involved in proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes

[58]

 TSP-1

3.25

6.58E-04

Thrombospondin 1

Inhibits angiogenesis, regulates antitumor immunity and regulates extracellular proteases and growth factors.

[59]

 IFIT2

1.87

2.62E-04

Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2

IFN-induced antiviral protein which inhibits expression of viral messenger RNAs that lack 2′-O-methylation of the 5′ cap

[60]

 IFITM3

3.05

2.80E-09

interferon induced transmembrane protein 3

Engages and shuttles the virus particles to lysosomes for clearance from the cells

[61]

 PPP1R15A

2.59

7.49E-05

GADD34

Guides dephosphorylation of eIF2a by PP1

[62]

 SPIC

− 6.87

2.02E-09

Spi-C Transcription Factor

Restrains inflammation and iron metabolism in macrophages

[63]

 NUPR1

5.73

6.21E-15

Nuclear protein 1

Suppresses programmed cell death by apoptosis and programmed necrosis

[64]

 CD244

−5.01

8.73E-03

CD244 molecule

Involved in NK cell stimulation and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity

[65]

 CYFIP2

− 3.05

1.06E-12

Cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein 2

Involved in T-cell adhesion and p53/TP53-dependent induction of apoptosis

[66]

 IL-6

5.67

1.50E-26

Interleukin 6

Promotes virus survival and exacerbation of clinical disease

[67]

 DRAM2

−2.39

9.44E-06

Damage-regulated autophagy modulator 2

Oncogenic regulator: promotes cell metastasis and proliferation in cancer cells

[50]

 SOGA1

1.41

1.47E-03

Suppressor of glucose, autophagy associated 1

Implicated in autophagy

[51, 68]

 TIMP1

5.27

2.17E-12

Tissue inhibitor matrix metallopeptidase inhibitor 1

Promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of colon cancer and is a potential prognostic indicator for colon cancer

[69]

 LTF

5.68

3.39E-08

Lactotransferrin

Sequestering iron and antimicrobial activity

[70]

 CHP2

− 5.85

7.17E-05

Calcineurin like EF-hand protein 2

Regulates cell pH by controlling plasma membrane-type Na+/H+ exchange activity; involved in carcinoma progression

[71, 72]

 FOSL1

7.55

2.94E-11

FOS like 1, AP-1 transcription factor subunit

Regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation

[73]

 FOXF1

2.37

3.23E-04

Forkhead box F1

FOXF1 transcription factor promotes lung regeneration

[74]

 PG-4

7.11

2.84E-07

Protegrin-4

Antimicrobial peptide

[75]

 PGES-1

4.22

1.02E-04

Prostaglandin E synthase

Plays a crucial role in inflammation by converting prostaglandin (PG) H2 to PGE2

[76]