Fig. 2

Comparison of association study result characteristics. Number of significant associations (based on bacon-corrected and FDR-corrected p-values \(p_{b_{adj}}<0.05\)) (A), mean absolute effect sizes (based on bacon-corrected effect sizes) across all genes (B), and bias (C) and inflation (D) of test statistics (t-statistic) for alternative models per comparisons and cohort. Horizontal lines for test-statistic mean =0 and standard deviation =1 of theoretical null distribution were added. Comparisons are ordered by performance of metabolomic predictors for binary outcome measures. Type of outcome variable is indicated by color: reported or measured variable = black, metabolomic surrogate = orange. Mean values across four cohorts (two cohorts for hsCRP) are plotted as horizontal bars. Note the log10 scale on the y-axis of the upper plot