Fig. 4

Effects of dsNlSPARC on fecundity (A), survival rate of progeny (B) and expression level of NlSPARC in N. lugens (C). The 5^th instar nymphs, newly emerged adults and 4-day old gravid females were injected with dsNlSPARC respectively. Individuals treated with dsGFP were used as a control. The number of offspring and egg was calculated from fifteen biological replicates (Mean ± SE). NlSPARC mRNAs levels of 30 new hatched nymphs and 20 10-day old mixed insects with 10 females and 10 males were analyzed by RT-qPCR with the 2^‒ΔΔCT method. Data is presented as mean ± SE with five biological replicates. G1NHN, newly hatched nymphs from F1 progeny; G1 10d, 10d-old nymphs from F1 progeny. Different lowercase letters and ** above the bars indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively among different treatments by the Tukey’s multiple range tests.