Fig. 1

Larval poisoning state under stress of cyproflanilide and histopathological structural change analysis of the midgut. A The poisonous or lethal effect of cyproflanilide on third stage larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda. a Control larvae were fed an artificial diet supplemented with acetone. b Continuously writhing body of larva fed an artificial diet supplemented with acetone and cyproflanilide (LC₅₀). c Dead larva fed on artificial diet supplemented with acetone and cyproflanilide (LC₅₀). B Hematoxylin–eosin staining of the midgut dissected from larvae in the control fed an artificial diet supplemented with acetone. C Histopathological changes in the midgut dissected from larvae fed a diet supplemented with cyproflanilide (LC₅₀)