Fig. 5

Differential proteomic analysis between H-motility and L-motility seminal plasma exosomes (SPEs) in buffalo. A Volcano plot for differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) screening. The top 20 up-regulated proteins (URPs) (red dots) and down-regulated proteins (DRPs) (blue dots) labeled with protein names or Uniprot IDs. The thresholds of fold change were set as 1.2 and 1/1.2. P value < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant. B Heatmap of DEP expression levels of each sample. C Protein-protein interaction network of DEPs. Red nodes indicate URPs, and green nodes indicate DRPs. Node size indicates the value of node betweenness; larger nodes are more important in PPI network stability. The higher gray value of the edge indicates a higher score of protein-protein interaction