accD nuclear transfer of Platycodon grandiflorum and the plastid of early Campanulaceae

Background Campanulaceae species are known to have highly rearranged plastid genomes lacking the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) subunit D gene (accD), and instead have a nuclear (nr)-accD. Plastid genome information has been thought to depend on studies concerning Trachelium caeruleum and genome announcements for Adenophora remotiflora, Campanula takesimana, and Hanabusaya asiatica. RNA editing information for plastid genes is currently unavailable for Campanulaceae. To understand plastid genome evolution in Campanulaceae, we have sequenced and characterized the chloroplast (cp) genome and nr-accD of Platycodon grandiflorum, a basal member of Campanulaceae. Results We sequenced the 171,818 bp cp genome containing a 79,061 bp large single-copy (LSC) region, a 42,433 bp inverted repeat (IR) and a 7840 bp small single-copy (SSC) region, which represents the cp genome with the largest IR among species of Campanulaceae. The genome contains 110 genes and 18 introns, comprising 77 protein-coding genes, four RNA genes, 29 tRNA genes, 17 group II introns, and one group I intron. RNA editing of genes was detected in 18 sites of 14 protein-coding genes. Platycodon has an IR containing a 3′ rps12 operon, which occurs in the middle of the LSC region in four other species of Campanulaceae (T. caeruleum, A. remotiflora, C. takesimana, and H. asiatica), but lacks accD, clpP, infA, and rpl23, as has been found in these four species. Platycodon nr-accD contains about 3.2 kb intron between nr-accD.e1 and nr-accD.e2 at the same insertion point as in other Campanulaceae. The phylogenies of the plastid genomes and accD show that Platycodon is basal in the Campanulaceae clade, indicating that IR disruption in Campanulaceae occurred after the loss of accD, clpP, infA, and rpl23 in the cp genome, which occurred during plastid evolution in Campanulaceae. Conclusions The plastid genome of P. grandiflorum lacks the rearrangement of the IR found in T. caeruleum, A. remotiflora, C. takesimana, and H. asiatica. The absence of accD, clpP, infA, and rpl23 in the plastid genome is a synapomorphic characteristic of Campanulaceae. The chloroplast genome phylogeny supports the hypothesis that chloroplast genomic arrangement occurred after accD nuclear transfer and loss of the four genes in the plastid of early Campanulaceae as a lineage of asterids. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4014-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


Background
Plastid organization is highly conserved among angiosperms. Most angiosperm plastids have a quadripartite structure with two copies of a large inverted repeat (IR) separated by small (SSC) and large (LSC) single-copy regions. The two copies of the IR facilitate flip-flop recombination, resulting in the presence of isoforms that differ in the orientation of the single copy regions. The early electron microscopic comparisons revealed that plastid genomes are circular in either monomeric or multimeric forms [1]. Substantial recent evidence suggests that the plastid genome has a more complex structure, with circular, linear, branched, and multimeric configurations that vary during plastid development [2][3][4][5][6][7].
Inverted repeat expansion and contraction occur in the plastid genome of land plants via a boundary shift of the border regions of IR/LSC and IR/SSC. In addition to these IR boundary shifts, there are a few cases where the IR has been severely reduced or even eliminated [8][9][10][11][12][13]. The major shift of the IR in the Campanulaceae species Hanabusaya and Trachelium provides examples of SCto-IR transitions for six genes (ycf1, rps15, ndhH, ndhA, ndhI, and ndhG), with the exception of the 3′ rps12 operon and IR-to-SC transitions for five of the six ancestral IR genes [13].
The nature of the IR reduces the substitution rate. Zhu et al. [13] demonstrated that synonymous substitution rates are, on average, 3.7 times slower in IR genes than in SC genes, and that genes moved from the SC into the IR exhibit lower synonymous rates consistent with other IR genes, whereas genes moved from the IR into the SC exhibit higher rates consistent with other SC genes; the exceptions being in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae), Plantago (Plataginaceae), and Silene (Caryophyllaceae). In this paper, they used the comparison of the species Hanabusaya and Trachelium of Campanulaceae as the most illustrative single example of the effect of IR duplication on substitution rates.
Although many gene losses have been documented in angiosperms [23,24], only a few of these events have been rigorously investigated [22]. It is widely known that plastid DNA is transferred to the nucleus at a high rate [25][26][27]; however, only a few functional gene transfers to the nucleus have been characterized in angiosperms.
Campanulaceae, including Lobeliaceae (sensu APG III 2009), have experienced a high degree of gene order change. Although only one plastome sequence, that of Trachelium caeruleum [16], has been published, draft genomes have been completed for several other genera [15], and restriction site and gene maps have been published for many others [39,40]. The most extensive comparisons have included gene maps for 18 genera of Campanulaceae [22,39], where the authors estimated that the changes in gene order were due to a minimum of 42 inversions, 18 large insertions (>5 kb) of unknown origin, five IR expansions and contractions, and several putative transpositions [22]. The complete genome sequence of Trachelium [16], the least rearranged taxon examined by Cosner et al. [39], confirmed that at least seven inversions are present in this genome, but it did not provide any evidence of transposition as a mechanism underlying the observed changes in gene order [22].
Recently, Rousseau-Gueutin et al. [33] showed that the chloroplast acetyl-CoA carboxylase subunit (accD) gene present in the plastome of most angiosperms has been functiona.
lly relocated to the nucleus in Campanulaceae, and they experimentally verified the presence of a chloroplastic transit peptide by showing that the product of the nuclear accD fused to green fluorescent protein was imported in the chloroplasts. As noted above, Campanulaceae are known to have highly rearranged plastid genomes lacking accD, and instead they have an nr-accD. Plastid genome information has been thought to mainly depend on studies concerning T. caeruleum. More recently, the plastid genomes of Adenophora remotiflora, Campanula takesimana, and Hanabusaya asiatica have been sequenced [41][42][43]. We have characterized the plastid genome of the Campanulaceae species Platycodon grandiflorum cultivar Jangbaek-doraji, as part of a genome project funded by the National Agricultural Genome Center of the Korean Government. As RNA editing information for plastid genes is currently unavailable in Campanulaceae, we also characterized plastid RNA editing in P. grandiflorum. To understand plastid genome evolution in Campanulaceae, we have characterized and compared the cp genome and nr-accD of P. grandiflorum with those of known taxa.

Genome organization and features of Platycodon grandiflorum
The general features and plastid genomic structure of P. grandiflorum were compared with those of A. remotiflora, C. takesimana, H. asiatica, and T. caeruleum (Campanulaceae) (Tables 1 and 2). The overall GC content of the P. grandiflorum genome is low (38.12%), which is similar to that of A. remotiflora (38.76%), C. takesimana (38.80%), H. asiatica (38.76%), and T. caeruleum (38.33%). There are 140 genes in the P. grandiflorum plastid genome, which is 14 to 19 genes more than identified in A. remotiflora, C. takesimana, T. caeruleum, and H. asiatica. The length of the plastid genome in P. grandiflorum is 171,818 bp, and the genes account for a coding density of 59.3% of the total cp genome sequence. The latter value is the highest coding density among all reported Campanulaceae species to date. These results indicate that the cp genome of P. grandiflorum is more compact than those of the other species considered.
In the cp genome of P. grandiflorum, there is a biased gene distribution over the two DNA strands, with 38 (40%) conserved genes occupying one strand (+) and 57 genes occupying the other strand (−) ( Table 1). The gene contents in one strand were found to be 53, 58, 57, and 48% in the cp genomes of H. asiatica, T. caeruleum, C. takesimana and A. remotiflora, respectively. These results indicate that the gene distribution between the two strands of the P. grandiflorum cp genome is reversed relative to those of H. asiatica, T. caeruleum, C. takesimana and A. remotiflora, which have similar values.
The plastid genome sequences of P. grandiflorum are assembled as circular molecules of 171,818 bp ( Fig. 1 and Table 2) containing a 79,061 bp LSC region, a 42,433 bp IR, and a 7840 bp SSC region. The length of the plastid genome in P. grandiflorum (171,818 bp) is 2.5-9.5 kb longer than that of C. takesimana, H. asiatica, and T. caeruleum, which are between 162,287 and 169,551 bps in length. Campanulaceae plastid genomes are more than 5 kb longer than the plastid genomes of Asteraceae, Apiaceae, and Araliaceae. The length of the SSC region in Campanulaceae plastid genomes is in the range 7747-8578 bp, which is approximately 10 kb shorter than those  Gene contents, RNA editing sites, and cp genome rearrangement in Campanulaecae The cp genome of P. grandiflorum contains 110 genes and 18 introns, comprising 77 protein-coding genes, four RNA genes, 29 tRNA genes, 17 group II introns, and one group I intron (Additional file 1: Table S1). RNA editing of genes was detected in 25 sites of 14 genes, including seven sites in Inverted Repeat B (Fig. 1).
Although there was no variation in the RNA editing sites among RNA samples, samples of RNA other than those of leaf RNA lacked some of the gene transcripts depending on the organ of origin (Additional file 2: Table S2). The 14 genes in which RNA editing was detected include ribosomal small subunit genes (rps2, rps14, and rps18), ATP synthase genes (atpA and atpF), Cytochrome genes (petB and petL), NADH dehydrogenase genes (ndhA, ndhB, ndhD, ndhH, ndhK, and ndhG), and RNA polymerase gene (rpoA). In Asteraceae, a total of 373 editing sites were detected in eight plastid genomes, with the average number of 47 sites per species. Among these, 26 sites of 12 genes were conserved in the eight plastid genomes of Asteraceae [44]. The RNA editing in rps18, atpF, petL, ndhH, and ndhK, found in Platycodon, was not documented in Asteraceae [44]. P. grandiflorum lacks five protein-coding genes: accD, clpP, infA, petE, and rpl23. Of these, accD, clpP, infA, and rpl23 are also absent in the sequences of the four other Campanulaceae species we examined in this study.
A. remotiflora, C. takesimana, and T. caeruleum also lack petE, whereas H. asiatica has an intact petE gene. However, H. asiatica lacks psbE, which is found in P. grandiflorum, A. remotiflora, C. takesimana, and T. caeruleum. C. takesimana, H. asiatica, A. remotiflora, and T. caeruleum lack ycf15, which is found in P. grandiflorum, whereas T. caeruleum lacks ndhK and ycf2. In addition to the presence/absence of these genes, there is variation in the number of copies of the genes among Campanulaceae species (Table 3). A conspicuous difference found between P. grandiflorum and the four other campanule species examined in the present study is variation in the number of copies of rps12 fragments. Among the 30 conserved trn genes, P. grandiflorum lacks trnT_ugu and A. remotiflora, C. takesimana, and H. asiatica lack trnT_ggu, whereas T. caeruleum has all 30 trn genes (Additional file 3: Table S3). As a minimal set of plastid trnA genes [45,46] for trytophan, P. grandiflorum uses only trnT_ggu, whereas A. remotiflora, C. takesimana, and H. asiatica use only trnT_ugu. In contrast, T. caeruleum uses both trnT_ggu and trnT_ugu for trytophan in the plastid genome.
The complete cp genomes of P. grandiflorum, C. takesimana, H. asiatica, and T. caeruleum of Campanulaceae and Helianthus annuus of Asteraceae were compared using the MAUVE alignment tool. Inverted Repeat B of the five chloroplasts was deleted prior to the MAUVE alignment, such that the genome-level alignments could be maximally shown (Fig. 2). In Fig. 2, the thick black bar indicates the IR region of each species. Helianthus has a typical asterid chloroplast genomic structure. A comparison of the cp-DNAs of Helianthus and Platycodon shows the expansion of the IR toward both LSC and SSC in Platycodon ( Fig. 2 and Table 2), whereas comparison among the campanule cp-genomes shows disruption of the IR and LSC by severe rearrangement.
The region between the LSC region and the IR of angiosperm plastid genomes is generally conserved: 5′ -(clpP operon) -psbB operon [49] -(rpl23 operon) -ycf2 -ycf15 -trnV_gac -(3′ rps12 operon) -3′ (Fig. 2). In contrast to Helianthus, the clpP operon (A) of the LSC region has relocated to the middle of the LSC region in P. grandiflorum. However, the clpP operon (A) has relocated within the IR in the cp-DNA of A. remotiflora, C. takesimana, H. asiatica, and T. caeruleum. In these four taxa, fragments B, D (3′ rps12 operon), E, and F have relocated in the middle of the LSC region.
The duplicative nature of the IR reduces the substitution rate within this region. As the most illustrative single example of the effect of IR duplication on substitution rates, Zhu et al. [13] demonstrated that, consistent with other comparisons, the SC-to-IR genes in Hanabusaya and Trachelium show IR-like substitution rates, whereas their IRto-SC genes show SC-like substitution rates. However, in the case of Platycodon, the SC-to-IR genes have been generated by a border shift, rather than genomic rearrangement, as shown in other campanules.

Nr-accD of P. grandiflorum
A 1282 bp segment of nr-accD mRNA containing a 996 bp exon was recovered from RNA seq reads. The sequence was verified via RT-PCR, followed by sequencing. Genomic DNA sequences for nr-accD with lengths of 225 bp and 1464 bp were recovered from DNA-seq reads, referenced according to the 1282 bp mRNA sequence. We recovered a 4.1 kb sequence of the genomic nr-accD gene fragment. The cDNA and DNA sequences of P. grandiflorum nr-accD were compared with the previously reported nr-accD gene and intron sequences of T. caeruleum (JQ693029), Jasione perennis (JQ693031), Campanula thyrsoides (JQ693032), and Campanula punctate (JQ693033) [33]. The intron of nr-accD in P. grandiflorum has the same insertion site as observed in these other species (Fig. 4). About 3.2 kb intron of P. grandiflorum nr-accD (Additional file 5: Figure S1) appears to be the largest among the taxa examined to date: Jasione perennis (2250 bp), T. caeruleum (1358 bp), Campanula thyrsoides (2177 bp), and Campanula punctate (2431 bp). These results indicate that the campanule nr-accD and its intron share a common ancestor.

Phylogeny of plastids and accD genes among Campanulaceae species
Phylogenetic relationships among the plastids of four Campanulaceae species were investigated using the aligned 10,950 bp DNA sequence of seven large photosystem genes -psaA, psaB, psbA, psbB, psbC, and psbD, The middle column shows the clpP operon. Platycodon has an clpP operon structure with a trace of exons and introns. Other known Campanulaceae species have lost the clpP operon structure by genomic rearrangement. The right column shows the 3′ rps12 operon. trnV_gac precedes the 3′ rps12 operon in Platycodon and most land plants, but other known Campanulaceae species have lost this arrangement and rbcL. The seven genes representing the plastid genome in the phylogeny [43] are without RNA editing, which might affect phylogenetic topology. Using maximum parsimonious (MP), and neighbor-joining (NJ), and maximum likelihood (ML) methodologies, phylogenetic analysis outgrouped by 13 taxa produced single plastid trees with similar topologies (Additional file 6: Figure S2). The plastid phylogeny showed that P. grandiflorum is the most basal of the clade of Campanulaceae species (Fig. 5).
Phylogenetic relationships among 11 Campanulaceae nr-accD genes were investigated using the aligned 616 bp DNA and RNA sequences. Using MP, NJ, and ML analyses, phylogenetic analysis outgrouped by cp-accD sequences from 13 taxa produced single plastid trees with similar topologies (Additional file 7: Figure S3). The accD phylogeny showed that P. grandiflorum and Lobelia erinus formed the basal-most clade from the lineage of nine taxa (Fig. 5). The results of both phylogenies indicate that P. grandiflorum is a basal lineage of Campanulaceae.  Phylogenetic study of nr-accD and cp-accD (Fig. 5) indicates that the nr-accD of Campanulaceae is of single origin. The cp-accD was transferred to the nucleus in the early campanules and later a nuclear intron was introduced. The phylogeny of cpDNA indicates that IR expansion and the loss of four cp-genes (accD, clpP, infA, and rpl23), represented by Platycodon cp-DNA, had occurred in the early campanule plastid genome, followed by the translocation of the clpP and 3′ rps12 operons between the LSC and IR regions. The evolution of an IR with 30 genes would have slowed down the evolutionary speed in the early campanule. In this regard, further characterization of basal campanules, including Lobeliaceae, would enable us to gain a better understanding of cp-genome evolution.
Among embryophytes, in 80% of the cases where ycf1 was lost from the plastid genome, there was a concomitant loss of accD [54,55]. In Odontella purpurea, Erodium of Generaniaceae and Vaccinium macrocarpon of Ericaceae, accD is still present in the chloroplast genome, although it does not encode a YCF1 homolog [55]. All five campanules investigated in the present study, including Platycodon, lack cp-accD and the complete ycf1 gene is within the IR, in which synonymous substitution rates are, on average, 3.7 times slower than those in SC genes [13]. The substitution rate of accD and ycf1, both of which are located in the SC region of most angiosperms, is high [55,56]. The results may indicate that YCF1 is involved in the assembly of the ACCase holoenzyme [55].

Conclusions
In this study, we characterized the 171,818 bp cp genome of P. grandiflorum, the largest among known Campanulaceae species. This genome contains 110 genes and 18 introns, among which there are 77 protein-coding genes, four RNA genes, 29 tRNA genes, 17 group II introns, and one group I intron. RNA editing of genes was detected in 18 sites of 14 genes. P. grandiflorum cp-DNA lacks five protein-coding genes, namely, accD, clpP, infA, petE, and rpl23. Of these, we characterized nr-accD. Platycodon nr-accD contains about 3.2 kb intron between nr-accD.e1 (64 bp) and nr-accD.e2 (932 bp) at the same insertion position as in other Campanulaceae. Unlike the highly rearranged cp-DNAs of A. remotiflora, C. takesimana, H. asiatica, and T. caeruleum, P. grandiflorum cp-DNA contains the 5′ -psbB operon -(rpl23 operon) -ycf2 -ycf15 -trnV_gac -(3′ rps12 operon) -3′, which is conserved in most land plant plastid genomes. Phylogenetic studies of cp genes and accD genes support the hypothesis that P. grandiflorum belongs to the basal lineage of Campanulaceae.
Our phylogenetic studies also support the notion that severe genomic rearrangements occurred in the chloroplast genome after accD nuclear transfer and the loss of four genes in early Campanulaceae as a lineage of asterids. accD, clpP, infA, and rpl23 are also absent in all three known Campanulaceae species. The loss of these four genes in the cp genome appears to be a shared derived characteristic in Campanulaceae. Further survey of the cp genomes of Campanulaceae and their close relatives will provide a better understanding of the nuclear transfer of the members of cp genomes.

Methods
Plant materials and nucleotide extraction P. grandiflorum cultivar Jangbaek-doraji was grown for 1 year in a bellflower field in the Department of Herbal Crop Research, RDA, Eumseong, Korea. Collected samples were divided into leaves, stems, roots, petals, sepals, pistils, stamens, and seeds. To extract total RNA, each sample was frozen in liquid nitrogen and ground using a mortar and pestle. Total DNA was extracted using a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, USA), and total RNA for cDNA library construction was extracted using an RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the Platycodon plastid genome The plastid genome of P. grandiflorum cultivar Jangbaekdoraji was sequenced as part of the Jangbaek-doraji genome project (funded by the National Agricultural Genome Center). Three Illumina paired-end (PE) genomic libraries of 270, 500, and 700 bp were constructed and sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. The plastid sequence was obtained using CLC Genomics Workbench version 8.0. The circular structures of each replicon were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification at their ends and by joining of Sanger sequence reads derived from the amplicons. The assemblies were further verified by examining paired-end distance and depth after re-mapping reads on the contig sequences. BLAST searches of a large contig were verified to be plastid genomes. For gene annotation of organelle genomes, protein-coding and ribosomal RNA genes were annotated using DOGMA (http://dogma.ccbb.utexas.edu/) [57]. The boundaries of each annotated gene were manually determined by comparison with orthologous genes from other known cp genomes. Genes encoding tRNAs were initially predicted using tRNAscan (http://lowelab.ucsc.edu/ tRNAscan-SE) [58] and ARAGORN version 1.2 (http:// 130.235.46.10/ARAGORN/) [59], and were then manually verified by predicting the tRNA secondary structure. Circular genome maps were drawn using GenomeVx [60], followed by manual modification. The sequencing data and gene annotations were submitted to GenBank with accession number KX352464.

RNA sequencing and RNA editing site tracing from the plastid genome
The quality of the resulting total RNA was measured using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). All extractions delivered an RNA integrity number value (RIN) of >7.0 and a 28S:18S ratio ≥ 1.5.
Poly-A-containing mRNA molecules were purified from 2 μg of total RNA of each sample using poly-T oligo-attached magnetic beads. The mRNA was fragmented into an insert size of approximately 200 bp. The first-strand cDNA of the mRNA fragments was synthesized using reverse transcriptase and random hexamer primers. The second-strand cDNA was then synthesized using DNA Polymerase I and RNaseH to generate double-stranded cDNA. These cDNA fragments then went through an end repair process, the addition of a single "A" base, and ligation of adapters. The products were then purified and enriched by PCR to amplify the amount of DNA in the library. The libraries were quantified using a KAPA library quantification kit (KAPA Biosystems, South Africa) in an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany). After qPCR validation, libraries were subjected to paired-end sequencing with a 100 bp read length using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform (Illumina). After the completion of a sequencing run, raw image files were processed using Illumina Real-Time Analysis (RTA) for image analysis and base calling. Raw data were saved as FASTQ files. Clean reads were obtained by removing adaptor sequences, reads in which the percentage of unknown bases (N) was greater than 10%, and low-quality reads (more than 20% < Q20 bases). The high-quality reads were directly mapped to the plastid genome to trace RNA editing sites. mRNA sequencing, cDNA synthesis, RT-PCR, and DNA-PCR for nr-accD The RNA-seq analysis results were analyzed using CLC Genomics Workbench 8.0 (CLC bio, Denmark). The adapter sequences contained in the data were removed using the trim sequence program and remaining sequences were assembled into contigs by de novo assembly. The plastid accD of Helianthus was used to find the nr-accD of P. grandiflorum using an Xblast search. A 1282 bp RNA seq containing a 1020 bp nr-accD was found. cDNA was synthesized from 1 μg of total RNA, which was extracted from a P. grandiflorum leaf using Plant TRI reagent (Invitrogen, USA). cDNA was synthesized using an iScriptTM cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bio-Rad, USA) and a 2720 Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems, USA) according to the manufacturers' instructions. PCR amplification of the accD gene was carried out using the HS PrimeSTAR Component Mixture (Takara, Japan). The PCR reaction consisted of a total of 50 μL (10 μL of 5× HS buffer, 1 μL of forward and reverse primers (10 μM, Forward; 5′-GAGAGAAATGACGGGTATTG C-3′, Reverse; 5′-CTCCCACTCAAAATGTTTTAC-3′), 5.0 μL of dNTP, 1.0 μL of template, 2.5 units of PrimeS-TAR polymerase, and made to volume with distilled water). The amplification program was as follows: preheating at 98°C for 1 min, followed by 28 cycles of denaturation at 98°C for 10 s, annealing at 58°C for 30 s, and extension at 72°C for 1 min and 30 s, and a final extension at 72°C for 5 min. The 1240 bp PCR product was purified using a Biomedical Gel and PCR Purification Kit (Biomedic, Korea) and sequenced using a 3730 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA).

Comparative analysis of cp genomes
The complete cp genomes of P. grandiflorum, C. takesimana, H. asiatica, and T. caeruleum of Campanulaceae and Helianthus annuus of Asteraceae were compared using the MAUVE alignment tool [61] to identify rearrangement-free locally collinear blocks (LCBs) among genomes, yielding 25 LCBs with a minimum weight of 170. Inverted repeat A of the five chloroplasts was deleted prior to the MAUVE alignment so that the genome-level alignments could be maximally shown.

Phylogenetic analysis
The phylogenetic relationships of Campanulaceae in Asterales were investigated using the chloroplast genomic information. Reported Campanulaceae plastid genomic information for H. asiatica (NC024732), C. takesimana (NC026203), and T. caeruleum (NC010442) was included as an ingroup. To avoid bias by taxon sampling, nine Asteraceae, two Apiaceae, and two Araliaceae were used as an outgroup. These included Agerantina (NC015621),