Genome-wide association study and transcriptome of olecranon-type traits in peach (Prunus persica L.) germplasm

Background The top of the olecranon honey peach (Prunus persica L.) fruit appears similar to an eagle’s beak. In this study, a single olecranon honey peach with a round-type fruit was observed in our fruit orchard. To explore the genetic mechanism of olecranon formation, we performed full-length transcriptome sequencing analysis of olecranon and round peaches as well as a genome-wide association study of the association of olecranon-type trait loci. Results The gene locus was 26,924,482 base pairs in NC_034014.1. Transcriptome sequencing showed that the clean sequencing data of each sample reached 7.10GB, with 14,360 genes and 23,167 transcripts expressed in both the olecranon honey peach and round peach. Among the 11 differentially expressed genes selected as candidate genes, six were highly expressed in olecranon peach and named as LOC18775282, LOC18772209, LOC18773929, LOC18772013, LOC18773401, and ONT.13798.5. Five genes were highly expressed in round peach and named as LOC18773079, LOC18773525, LOC18773067, LOC18775244, and LOC18772236. Notably, ONT.13798.5 was not previously identified. The genes were within 1 Mb up- or down-stream of the main genome-wide association study locus for olecranon-type traits. Conclusions This study revealed loci associated with olecranon and provides useful information for analysis and breeding of olecranon honey peach. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08017-y.

chromosome 6, and the flat phenotype is caused by the partial dominant allele in heterozygosis, from which the dominant homozygote is aborted [5,6]. Moreover, at 26,924,482 bp of scaffold Pp06, all accessions with round-shaped fruit were found to have an A/A genotype, whereas those with A/T or T/T genotypes formed flat-shaped fruits [3]. In addition, differences in the fruit cell number, cell size, and gene expression patterns between the round and flat fruit varieties and the oblate shape of peach fruits are mainly determined by regulating the production of cells in the vertical direction during early fruit development [2]. However, the molecular features affecting the shape of olecranon honey peach have not been evaluated in genetic or transcriptome studies.
In this study, a GWAS of olecranon traits in 456 peach accessions from across China was conducted to identify gene loci related to fruit shape. The Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT, Oxford, UK) sequencing method was used to study differences in the transcription of genes affecting the olecranon trait to narrow the range of related genes and provide a basis for further studies of these genes.

Resequencing 456 accessions of peach
We generated 2814.05Gbp clean reads, and the Q30 reached 92.43 % in whole-genome resequencing of 456 peach accessions from China ( Fig. 1 A, Supplemental Table 1) with an average depth of 20X and coverage of 98.76 % for each accession (Supplemental Table 2). The average number of clean reads of the samples was 41,190,056, and the average mapping rate between the samples and reference gene was 97.38 % (Supplemental Table 2). The reads of each accession were mapped against the peach reference genome (release version NCBIv2), and a final set of 2,923,674 high-quality singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 627,795 insertionsdeletions (InDels) was identified using SnpEff software. Averages of 231,407 and 121,336 SNPs were the transition type and transversion type, respectively, and the average SNP ratio of the heterozygous types was 63.39 % (Supplemental Table 3). For each accession, we analyzed the distribution of polymorphisms in each genomic region and found that averages of 96,783, 51,340, 85,430, and 63,805 SNPs were within intergenic regions, introns, upstream regions (within 5 kb upstream of transcription start sites), and downstream regions (within 5 kb  Table 4). In coding regions, averages of 16,305 nonsynonymous, 25 start-lost, 290 stop-gain, and 158 stop-lost SNPs were annotated (Supplemental Table 4), which led to amino acid changes, splicing variants, longer transcripts, or premature stop codons. Moreover, averages of 14,712, 11,377, 17,855, and 13,285 InDels were within intergenic regions, introns, upstream regions, and downstream regions, respectively (Supplemental Table 5).

Patterns of LD across peach genome
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis indicated that the physical distance between SNPs (reported as half of the maximum value) occurred at~53.76 kb (r 2 = 0.33) for Amygdalus persica L. (Table 1), which was slightly higher than that of wild peach (~35 kb) [7] and consistent with the narrow domestication bottleneck. The magnitude of LD decay varied among different chromosomes ( Fig. 1D; Table 1). The maximum physical distance between SNPs was observed at~292.11 kb (r 2 = 0.35) for NC_034012.1, followed by NC_034013.1 (~132.42 kb). The minimum physical distance between SNPs occurred at~20.84 kb (r 2 = 0.34).

GWAS of olecranon-type traits and prediction of candidate genes
In this study, we counted 296 types of peaches out of the 456 germplasm resources, among which 155 had olecranon and 141 had no olecranon. The peaches could also be divided into 82 nectarines and 225 peaches. The weights of these peaches ranged from 7.08 to 520 g, and the fruit shape index ranged from 0.60 to 1.33 (Supplemental Table 1). To explore the potential of GWAS to identify causal genes of olecranon-type traits, we used the FaST-LMM model to conduct an association study of olecranon-type traits. The locus defined by the SNP at 26,924,482 bp was strongly associated with olecranon-type traits ( Fig. 1 C and 1D) and positioned on NC_034014.1, and the minor allele frequency was 0.07, which is greater than 0.05. The SNP locus 26,924,482 bp is homozygous in olecranon peach and heterozygous in round peach. We selected 38 genes within 1 Mb up-or down-stream of the main GWAS locus for olecranon-type traits (Supplemental Table 6). Through Swiss-PROt database annotation, we found that 20 genes are also expressed in the Arabidopsis genome. Five genes were related to serine/threonine-protein kinase and six were related to non-specific lipid-transfer protein. This variation was highly associated with an A/T polymorphism detected in the fifth intron of LOC18772384 on NC_034014.1. LOC18772384 was annotated as MACPF domaincontaining protein CAD1-like (Supplemental Table 6).

Transcriptome material analysis
A single olecranon honey peach tree with round-type fruits was observed in our fruit orchard. A branch of this tree was found to bear only round-type fruits (Fig. 2B), and was found to have an alteration related to fruitshape in the bud sport. Moreover, other branches bore olecranon-type fruits (Fig. 2 C). To further distinguish fruits with round and olecranon shapes, ripe fruits were characterized ( Table 2). The results showed that the olecranon-type fruit weighed 218.50 ± 4.36 g, and had a longitudinal diameter of 69.16 ± 0.49 cm and transverse diameter of 72.87 ± 1.10 cm; the round-type peach weighed 113.92 ± 1.72 g, and had a longitudinal diameter of 62.86 ± 0.63 cm and transverse diameter of 58.71 ± 0.94 cm. According to the t-test, the quality indicators of the two types of peaches differed significantly (P < 0.05). Notably, both the weight and vertical and horizontal diameters of olecranon-type fruit were larger than those of round-type fruit. However, the olecranontype fruit shape index was smaller than that of round-type fruit; these values were 0.95 ± 0.01 and 1.07 ± 0.00, respectively.

Overview of RNA-Seq data
The full-length transcriptome of six samples was sequenced, and the clean data of each sequence reached  Table 8). The minimum number of reads per library was 5.55 million for B-2 and the maximum number was 6.87 million for B-1. Approximate 99.75 % of reads were mapped to the peach reference genome V2 (Supplemental Table 8). We analyzed the correlation between expression levels in different samples by Pearson correlation coefficient. The results for B-3 sample were abnormal (Supplementary Figure S1) and thus excluded from subsequent analysis.

DEG and DET analysis
We found 14,360 genes and 23,167 transcripts expressed in both olecranon and round peach ( Fig. 3 A, 3B). There   3D).

Functional annotation of DEGs and DETs
To identify genes important for olecranon-type traits, we annotated the DEGs and DETs using the Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and eggNOG databases. Based on GO annotation, 3793 DEGs and 7200 DETs were classified into three main categories, including biological process, cellular component, and molecular function (Supplemental Tables 9, Figs. 4 and 5), with each category possessing 20, 16, and 14 terms, respectively. In the biological process classification, genes and transcripts related to metabolic process, cellular, and process were highly enriched. In the cellular component category, the main subcategories were cell and cell part. Catalytic activity and binding were the major subcategories in the biological process classification. A total of 1073 DEGs and 2293 DETs were enriched according to the KEGG database (Supplemental Table 9). The DEGs and DETs were divided into 5 categories, including cellular processes, environmental information processing, genetic information processing, metabolism, and organismal systems (Supplementary Figure S2 and S3). Among the DEGs, the most common term was plant hormone signal transduction related to environmental information processing. Among the DETs, the most common term was biosynthesis of amino acids related to metabolism. There were 3154 DEGs and 6222 DETs annotated in the KOG database (Supplementary Table 9). DEGs and DETs were most enriched in the eggNOG database, showing numbers of 5299 and 10,140, respectively (Supplementary Table 9).

Selection of candidate genes for olecranon-type traits
First, we selected 38 genes within 1 Mb up-or downstream of the main GWAS locus for olecranon-type traits (Supplemental Table 6). The expression of 38 genes in round-type fruits and olecranon-type fruits is shown in Supplemental Tables 10, among which 8 were differentially expressed (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.01). Eight DEGs were selected as candidates affecting olecranon-type traits, including 4 highly expressed genes in olecranon honey peach (LOC18775282, LOC18772209, LOC18773929, LOC18773401) and 4 highly expressed genes in round peach (LOC18773079, LOC18773525,  LOC18773067, LOC18775244) according to the expression pattern shown in the heatmap (Fig. 6 A). We selected 80 transcripts with 1 Mb up-or downstream of the main GWAS locus for olecranon-type traits. Among the 80 transcripts, 39 were not expressed or showed very low expression in the round-type fruits and olecranon-type fruits and 11 transcripts (FDR < 0.01) were differentially expressed (Supplemental Table 11). According to expression pattern in the heatmap (Fig. 6B), 7 genes were highly expressed in olecranon honey peach and 4 genes were highly expressed in round peach. According to sequence comparison, ONT.13798.5 showed no corresponding gene (Table 3). Thus, we selected 10 genes and one new gene (ONT.13798.5) as candidates affecting olecranon-type traits. Eight genes were identical to the candidate genes in Fig. 6 A, namely LOC18775282, LOC18772209, LOC18773929, LOC18773079, LOC18773525, LOC187 73067, LOC18775244, LOC18773401, and LOC18785 015. The other 2 genes were LOC18772013 and LOC18772236. ONT.13798.5, a new gene, was located on scaffold_6, and its nucleic acid sequence is shown in Supplemental Table 12.
We next selected 11 DEGs that may affect olecranontype traits, which are shown in Table 3. ONT.13798.5 had the shortest length of 513 bp, and LOC18772236 showed the longest length of 4500 bp ( Table 3).

Validation of expression patterns of candidate genes
To confirm the accuracy of the ONT full-length transcriptome sequencing results and validate the expression patterns of the candidate genes, RT-PCR of the 11 selected genes was performed ( Table 3). The sequences of the gene-specific primers are shown in Table 4. The relative expression levels of all 11 genes were consistent with the results of ONT full-length transcriptome sequencing analysis (Fig. 7). Complete correlations between RNA-Seq data and RT-PCR data were also identified in most of the tested genes (R = 1). Therefore, the qRT-PCR data confirmed the reliability of the transcriptome data.

Discussion
Bud mutations (bud sports) are common in many plant species including fruit trees [3], and somatic genetic variation can lead to phenotypic alterations in plants [8]. There are obvious differences in the shape of round peach and olecranon honey peach (Fig. 2). Based on quality indicators, the round peach remarkably differs from olecranon honey peach, particularly in the fruit type (Table 2). These differences indicate that although these peaches are grown on a similar tree, they do not belong to the same variety. In this study, we evaluated fruit type-related indicators, including weight, horizontal and vertical diameters, fruit type index, and the part of the fruit that resembles an eagle's beak. The bud mutant variant of round peach was typically smaller than that of olecranon honey peach based on these indicators. The olecranon honey peach is a new variety with high consumer value in China [4]. However, not all bud sports have a regulatory effect on the fruit type, such as the Beni Shogun apple mutation. This mutation reportedly affects traits such as skin coloration, fruit softening, and starch hydrolysis, whereas the loss of acidity, sugar accumulation, and weight appear to be unaffected by the mutation [9].  GWAS can be used to identify the genes or quantitative trait loci underlying complex traits, such as in melon [5], cotton [10], rapeseed [11], grape [12], and peach [5,7,13]. In previous studies of peach fruit shape, some candidate genes for forming the flat peach have been identified, such as ppa003772m [5] and ppa025511m [6], but olecranon-type traits have not been evaluated. In the current study, the olecranon-type trait was located close to the candidate genes identified by linkage analysis. ppa003772m and ppa025511m were not included within 1 Mb up-or down-stream of the main GWAS locus for olecranon-type traits (Supplemental Table 6). Thus, these genes related to eagle beak traits are not related to ppa003772m and ppa025511m. However, a recently reported candidate gene (PpCAD1) for flat-shaped peach at 26,924,482 bp (Supplemental Table 6) is annotated by constitutively activated cell death in GENES1 [5]. PpCAD1 did not differ in the round peach and olecranon honey peach according to ONT full-length sequencing.
Furthermore, to better understand the formation of olecranon-type traits in peach at the molecular level, combined ONT full-length sequencing was performed to comprehensively analyze the transcriptome profile in the olecranon honey peach and round peach. This method overcomes technical limitations by accurately predicting full-length splicing subtypes in second-generation sequencing short-read data [14]. ONT full-length sequencing technology has been used to sequence plants and animals, such as polar bear [15], Hiptage benghalensis [16], zebrafish [17], and Susscrofa [18]. Compared with previous sequencing results [19,20], the ONT fulllength sequencing produced not only longer reads, but also a higher comparison ratio of reads. Fruit ripening is a developmental process, and fruit shape depends on events that occur early in fruit development [15,21,22]. In flat peach, as the typical peach evaluated in fruit shape research, 28 genes related to fruit shape have been identified [2]. Based on their functional annotations and coding sequences, 3 genes were identical among the 11 identified candidate genes, indicating similar mechanisms in regulation of the olecranon-type trait and flat-type trait. Two of three genes are annotated as nonspecific lipid-transfer protein (LOC18773079, LOC18773525) and the other is annotated as leucinerich repeat receptor-like protein (LOC18772236). As shown in Fig. 7, high expression of LOC18773079, LOC18773525, and LOC18772236 inhibits the formation of olecranon. In tomato, four fruit shape genes have been identified [22], named as SUN, OVATE, FAS, and LC. In eggplant, SUN and OVATE exert conserved functions in controlling the fruit shape [23,24]. FAS expression leads to a flat or oxheart shape, and LC expression controls the meristem size and locule number. No genes belonged to the FAS and LC types among the 11 candidate genes. SUN and OVATE are related to fruit elongation. According to GO annotation, LOC18775244 is related to translational elongation, and its low expression is favorable for the formation of olecranon (Fig. 7). These results contrast those determined by Jian [2] for the flat-type peach, who found that the mechanisms regulating fruit shape between tomato and peach are similar, and those regulating the shape of olecranon and flat peach may differ.
In addition, according to NR annotation, LOC18775282 is related to CBL-interacting protein kinases and highly expressed in olecranon peach. In a study of cotton fiber elongation [25], CBL-interacting protein kinases were also linked to fiber length. LOC18772013 is related to B3 domain-containing protein. As a member of the B3 DNA binding superfamily, auxin-responsive factors can bind to auxin-responsive elements of induced genes and further regulate plant metabolism [26]. Auxin plays an important role in plant development at the cellular level, such as cell extension, division, and differentiation [27]. LOC18773067 was annotated as RING-H2 finger protein ATL74. RING-H2 finger protein plays key roles in regulating growth/developmental processes, hormone signaling, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants [28]. U-box domain-containing protein and serine/threonine-protein also involved in olecranon formation.

Conclusions
The shape of fruit is an important characteristic affecting consumer decisions. The shape of the top of olecranon honey peach fruit resembles the beak of an eagle, which is popular among consumers. No studies have been performed to examine the olecranon-type trait. In this study, loci associated with the olecranon-type trait were examined by GWAS. The gene loci related to the olecranon-type trait was 26,924,482 bp in NC_034014.1. To further identify olecranon-type trait genes, we performed ONT full-length transcriptome sequencing of young fruits of 3 olecranon honey peaches and 3 round peaches. The sequencing data of each sample reached up to 7.10GB, with 14,360 genes and 23,167 transcripts expressed in both olecranon and round peach. Eleven DEGs were selected as candidate genes, six of which were highly expressed in olecranon peach and named as LOC18775282, LOC18772209, LOC18773929, LOC18772 013, LOC18773401, and ONT.13798.5. Five of these were highly expressed in round peach and named as LOC18773079, LOC18773525, LOC18773067, LOC1877 5244, and LOC18772236. The genes were within 1 Mb up-or down-stream of the main GWAS locus for olecranon-type traits. Notably, ONT.13798.5 is a new gene, and LOC18775244 is related to translational elongation. The formation of olecranon traits is a complex process, which has been shown to be related to cellular signal transduction and plant hormones. These results provide a genetic basis for the olecranon-type trait and can be used to further evaluate the eagle beak shape of olecranon honey peach.

Plant materials and sample collection
A total of 456 peach accessions were collected in China for GWAS and are distributed in the North (315), Northwest (26), Qinghai-Tibet Region (3), South (83), Yangtze River Basin (22), and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (7) regions in China (Fig. 1 A). Detailed information on these samples is shown in Supplementary Table 1. The collected peach leaves were immediately frozen at − 80 ℃ for DNA extraction in liquid nitrogen.
In addition, bud mutation was found on a tree of olecranon honey peach in Lianping in northern Guangdong province, China, which was used for full-length transcriptome studies. One branch of this tree produces normal round-shaped fruit, whereas other branches produce olecranon-shaped fruit (Fig. 2). The tree was maintained in the same manner as other peach trees in the orchard. The bud sport was stable for at least 3 years. The roundtype fruit was obtained by selecting the branch with the bud sport. To avoiding sampling of chimeras, we selected olecranon honey peaches produced far from the mutated branch. After the olecranon traits had formed, the tops of young fruits (young fruit development) were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at − 80 ℃ for full-length transcriptome sequencing and RT-PCR.
Ripening fruits were selected by experienced growers (fruit hanging time of approximately 75 days) and quickly transported to a well-ventilated, sterile laboratory to count the olecranon type traits. The olecranon trait was defined as the tip of a peach shaped like an eagle's beak.

DNA extraction and sequencing
Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh young leaves using the cetyltrimethylammnonium bromide method [29]. At least 5 µg of genomic DNA was used for each accession to construct sequencing libraries according to the manufacturer's instructions (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). The libraries were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq X Ten or NovaSeq 6000 platform, generating 150-bp paired-end reads. Raw sequencing reads were trimmed using Btrim software to filter out low-quality bases and sequences using the following parameters: remove adapter reads; pair-end reads with > 10 % "N" bases; average base-quality of less than 10; quality score of 3′ bases < 50.

SNP and InDel calling
High-quality reads were compared with the peach "NCBIv2" genome using Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (version 0.7.10-r789) with the following parameters: bwa mem 4 -k 19 -M. Next, the alignment bam/sam files were subjected to a series of processing and filtering steps, including position sorting, repeated read marks and removal of local realignments, and basic quality recalibration using Picard (https://sourceforge.net/ projects/picard/) and GATK software (v3.8) [30]. SNPs and InDels were filtered by using the HaplotyPecalller tool in GATK software package. SNPs and InDels were annotated based on the Prunus persica (assembly Prunus_persica_NCBIv2) genome using snpEff software [31], and SNPs were categorized into intergenic regions, upstream or downstream regions, and exons or introns.

LD analysis and GWAS
LD was calculated between each pair of SNPs on the same chromosome using PLINK2 software [32]. The values of the squared correlation coefficient (r 2 ) and significance of any LD detected between polymorphic sites were analyzed in all chromosomes with a 1000-kb window. LD blocks were defined based on the following parameters [33]: minor allele frequency > 0.05, r 2 , ldwindow 999,999, ld-window-r2 0. GWAS of the leaves was based on high-confidence SNPs (minor allele frequency > 0.05, INT > 0.8) from 456 accessions. The Q-value was calculated with ADMIXTURE [34] software, which represents the population structure. The K-value was calculated using SPAGeDi [35] software, which represents the genetic relationship between samples. FaST-LMM [36] was used to test the associations between samples. Both the Q-and K-value were used in TASSEL. The P-value of each SNP was calculated, and -log10P > 7 was defined as the suggestive threshold and genomewide control threshold.

RNA extraction and transcriptome sequencing
RNA was extracted from six peach samples representing three biological replicates of two peach cultivars. RNA extraction was performed using TRIZOL reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA concentration and purity were analyzed with a Nanodrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE, USA) and an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Three biological replicates were evaluated for each sample. For ONT RNA sequencing, individual cDNA libraries were constructed from total RNA samples with the SQK-LSK109 RNA Library Prep Kit for Oxford Nanopore (ONT) according to the manufacturer's instruction. The cDNA libraries were sequenced using a Prometh-lON sequencer (ONT). Primer annealing, reversing transcription into cDNA and plus switch oligo, synthesis of complementary strands, DNA damage and end repair, and magnetic bead purification were performed. Finally, a sequencing linker was added.

Analysis of ONT sequencing data
Raw ONT sequencing reads were filtered to remove low-quality reads (Qscore ≤ 7 and minimum read length ≤ 500 bp). Full-length non-chimeric transcripts were obtained. Clusters of full-length non-chimeric transcripts were obtained after mapping to the reference genome with mimimap2, and consensus isoforms were obtained by polishing within each cluster by pinfish. Redundant consensus sequences were removed by mapping the consensus sequences to the reference genome using minimap2 [37]. Mapped reads were further collapsed by using cDNA Cupcake package with coverage ≤ 0.85, identity ≤ 0.90, and merge sequences showing differences only in the 5′ exons.

Quantification of gene/transcript expression levels and differential expression analysis
Full-length reads were mapped to the reference transcriptome sequence. Reads with a match quality > 5 were further quantified. Expression levels were estimated by reads per gene/transcript per 10,000 mapped reads. Prior to differential gene expression analysis, for each sequenced library, the read counts were adjusted using the edgeR program package with the one scaling-normalized factor. Differential expression analysis of two samples was performed using the EBSeq R package. The resulting FDR was adjusted using the posterior probability of being differentially expressed. FDR < 0.01 and foldchange ≥ 2 were used as thresholds for significantly different expression. The identified DEGs and DETs were analyzed for GO and KEGG enrichment.

Validation of gene by quantitative real-time RT-PCR
RNAs were isolated from the top of the olecranon honey peach and round peach. Two biological replicates were included. For quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis, reverse transcription was performed using the TUREscript 1st Stand cDNA SYNTHESIS Kit with cDNA Eraser (Aidlab, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Gene-or transcript-specific primers were designed with Primer Express 3.0 software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). qPCR was performed on an Applied Biosystems 7500 RealTime PCR System using 2×SYBR® Green qPCR Master Mix (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). LOC18778082 was selected as a reference gene. The relative expression level was calculated using the following formula: fold-change = 2 −△△CT .

Statistical analyses
Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three replicates. Significant differences between the means of different parameters were calculated by Duncan's multiple-range test using SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistically significant results.
Additional file 1: Supplemental Table S1. List of 456 peach accessions analyzed in this study. The code, name, scientific name, area, and plantation for 456 re-sequenced peach accessions. Olecranon indicates whether the olecranon-type trait is present; 1 means yes, 0 means no, NA means no statistics. Supplemental Table S2. Sequence information on the genomes of 456 peach accessions. N (%) indicates the percentage of failed sequencing nucleotides. Q30 (%) indicates the percentage of 99.9% well-sequenced nucleotides. Ave_depth indicates average covering depth of sample. Cov_ratio_*(%) indicates the percentage of bases at or above a given depth of coverage as a percentage of the total base number of the reference genome. Properly mapped (%) indicates the percentage of the sequenced data mapped to the reference genomes. Supplemental Table S3. Single-nucleotide polymorphism statistics detected between sample and reference genome. Supplemental Table S4. Statistics of single-nucleotide polymorphism annotation results of samples Supplemental Table S5. Statistics of insertion-deletion annotation results of samples. Supplemental Table S6 Additional file 2: Supplemental Figure S1. Heat map of expression correlation between two samples. Clean data statistical table. After the original fastq data were further filtered for short reads and low-quality reads, the total clean data were obtained. A-1; A-2; A-3: Olecranon honey peach; B-1; B-2; B-3: Round peach.
Additional file 3: Supplemental Figure S2. KEGG classification map of differentially expressed genes. The ordinate is the name of the KEGG metabolic pathway and abscess is the number of genes annotated to the pathway and its proportion to the total number of genes annotated.
Additional file 4: Supplemental Figure S3. KEGG classification map of differentially expressed transcripts.