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Table 1 Embryonic dysmorphology after alcohol exposure, scored according to Maele-Fabry et al,1992.

From: Alteration of gene expression by alcohol exposure at early neurulation

Region

Control

Alcohol

ALC-NTC

ALC-NTO

Allantois

3 ± 0

2.80 ± 0.08

2.86 ± 0.10

2.70 ± 0.14

Branchial bars

2.77 ± 0.09

2.15 ± 0.21

2.17 ± 0.26

2.11 ± 0.39

Brain: Forebrain

4.76 ± 0.10

3.81 ± 0.27*

4.57 ± 0.14

2.29 ± 0.29** ^^

Brain: Midbrain

4.52 ± 0.11

3.71 ± 0.27

4.50 ± 0.14

2.14 ± 0.14** ^^

Brain: Hindbrain

4.71 ± 0.10

3.86 ± 0.24*

4.50 ± 0.14

2.57 ± 0.30** ^^

Caudal Neural Tube

4.76 ± 0.12

4.11 ± 0.19*

4.09 ± 0.26*

4.14 ± 0.26*

Flexion

4.80 ± 0.09

4.33 ± 0.19

4.59 ± 0.19

3.81 ± 0.36*

Heart

4.80 ± 0.10

4.10 ± 0.16**

4.15 ± 0.19*

4.00 ± 0.31*

Limb: Forelimb

2.01 ± 0.06

1.51 ± 0.13**

1.48 ± 0.18*

1.57 ± 0.20

Limb: Hindlimb

0.53 ± 0.10

0.20 ± 0.08*

0.21 ± 0.09

0.19 ± 0.14

Mandibular process

2.08 ± 0.11

1.99 ± 0.09

2.12 ± 0.08

1.71 ± 0.18

Maxillary process

2.41 ± 0.14

2.06 ± 0.16

2.21 ± 0.18

1.76 ± 0.30

Olfactory system

0.47 ± 0.08

0.26 ± 0.08

0.29 ± 0.11

0.20 ± 0.13

Optic system

3.59 ± 0.14

2.87 ± 0.14**

3.02 ± 0.17*

2.57 ± 0.20**

Otic system

3.95 ± 0.12

3.68 ± 0.11

3.88 ± 0.10

3.29 ± 0.18* ^

Somites

4.81 ± 0.09

4.38 ± 0.16

4.50 ± 0.17

4.14 ± 0.34

Total score

53.97 ± 0.66

45.83 ± 1.54**

49.14 ± 1.54**

39.23 ± 1.72** ^^

  1. * P-Value <0.05, ** <0.01; compared to control
  2. ^ P-Value <0.05, ^^ <0.01; compared to NTC
  3. Control n = 21; Alcohol (all alcohol-treated, n = 21; ALC-NTC, n = 14; ALC-NTO, n = 7)