Proteomic and metabolomic profiles of larval hemolymph associated with diapause in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera

Table 2 Metabolites identified in tha larval hemolymph from H.armigera

Metabolite	Fold change of relative ratio^a
Metabolite	Mid-late 5th	Early 6th	Mid 6th	Late 6th
Amino acid
Alanine	ns^b	ns	ns	ns
β-Alanine	ns	ns	ns	ns
Glutamate	ns	ns	ns	ns
Glycine	ns	ns	1.7	ns
Histidine	ns	-4.5	-^c	-
Homoserine	ns	ns	-	-
Isoleucine	ns	ns	ns	ns
Leucine	ns	ns	ns	ns
Methionine	ns	ns	ns	ns
N-Acetylglutamate	ns	ns	-	1.9
Ornithine	ns	ns	-2.4	ns
Phenylalanine	ns	ns	ns	ns
Proline	ns	ns	ns	ns
Serine	ns	ns	ns	ns
Threonine	ns	ns	ns	ns
Tryptophan	-	-	-	ns
Tyrosine	ns	ns	ns	ns
Valine	ns	ns	ns	ns
Sugar and polyols
Arabinitol	ns	ns	-	-
Cholesterol	ns	ns	ns	ns
Erythritol	ns	ns	-	-
Fructose	ns	ns	3.8	ns
Galactitol	ns	ns	-	-
Glucose	ns	1.7	3.0	3.1
Glycerol	ns	ns	2.2	ns
Myo-inositol	ns	ns	ns	ns
Ribitol	ns	ns	2.4	-
Sitosterol	ns	ns	ns	ns
Trehalose	ns	8.3	ns	ns
Turanose	-	ns	ns	ns
Metabolic intermediates
Fumaric acid	ns	ns	ns	ns
Isocitric acid	ns	ns	ns	ns
Malic acid	ns	ns	ns	ns
Pyruvate	ns	ns	1.5	ns
Succinic acid	ns	ns	ns	ns
Urea	ns	ns	2.5	-
Small molecules
Free amine	ns	ns	ns	ns
Free phosphate	ns	ns	ns	ns
Phosphoric acid	ns	ns	1.5	ns
Other metabolites
2-Hydroxymandelic acid	-	-	ns	ns
3-Aminoisobutyric acid	ns	ns	ns	ns
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid	-	-	-2.7	ns
3-Hydroxypropanoic acid	ns	ns	-	-
3-Hydroxypropanoic acid	ns	ns	ns	ns
Galatonic acid	ns	ns	-	-
γ-Aminobutyric acid	ns	ns	D.specific ^d	ns
Gluconic acid	ns	ns	ns	1.7
Glyceric acid	-	ns	-	-
Linoleic acid	-	ns	-	-
Methylcitric acid	-	ns	ns	ns
Mevalonic acid	ns	1.7	-	ns
N-Acetylglucosamine	ns	ns	-	5.3
Octadecenoic	-	-	ns	ns
Palmitic acid	ns	ns	ns	ns
Pantothenic acid	ns	-	ns	ns
Phosphorylethanolamine	1.5	ns	-2.4	ns
Ribonic acid	ns	ns	-2.9	ns
Stearic acid	-	-	ns	ns
Threonic acid	ns	ns	-	-

^a Fold change with a positive number indicates metabolic levels were significantly increased in diapause-destine larval hemolymph, while a negative number indicates metabolite levels were significantly decreased in destined diapause-destine larval hemolymph. Based on four biological replicate analyses, only metabolites that changes ≥1.5-fold in relative ratios (p-value < 0.05) were considered for further analysis, and were marked in bold. ^b ns, no significant difference. ^c-, metabolite was found in less than three measurements and wasn’t able to be quantified accurately. ^d Metabolite was only found in dispause-destined larval hemolymph.

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