Chronic parasitization by Nosema microsporidia causes global expression changes in core nutritional, metabolic and behavioral pathways in honey bee workers (Apis mellifera)

Table 5 Directional overlap of transcripts regulated by Nosema co-infection, worker behavioral state and diet

Transcript list	Upregulated in co-infected bees (577 transcripts)	Representation factor, ( p-value)	Upregulated in controls (870 transcripts)	Representation factor, ( p-value)
Upregulated in nurses (1204 transcripts)	30	0.6, (p < 0.0003)	151	1.9, (p < <0.0001)
Upregulated in foragers (1436 transcripts)	149	2.4, (p < <0.0001)	95	1.0, (p < 0.4260)
Upregulated in workers fed on a rich diet (1492 transcripts)	13	0.2, (p < <0.0001)	342	3.5, (p < <0.0001)
Upregulated in workers fed on a poor diet (1859 transcripts)	265	3.3, (p < <0.0001)	34	0.3, (p < <0.0001)

Transcripts upregulated in controls or by Nosema co-infection (14 days pi) were overlapped with transcripts upregulated by worker behavioral state or diet treatments [43]. Significant overlap between transcript lists was identified using hypergeometric tests. A representation factor equal to one indicates no more overlap than expected by chance, a factor greater than one indicates more overlap than expected by chance, and a factor less than one indicates less overlap than expected by chance.

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