The recent escalation in strength of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles coluzzi in West Africa is linked to increased expression of multiple gene families

Table 1 The frequency of the L1014F and N1575Y mutations in An . coluzzii tested in deltamethrin resistance bioassays

Period	Status	L	F	n (alleles)	(f) L1014F	95% CI	N	Y	n (alleles)	(f) N1575Y	95% CI
*VK7*
Jul-11	Control	22	102	124	0.823	0.744-0.886	80	44	124	0.355	0.276-0.442
	Dead	23	97	120	0.808	0.728-0.870	92	34	126	0.270	0.200-0.354
	Survivors	19	95	114	0.833	0.754-0.892	80	30	110	0.273	0.198-0.363
Oct-11	Control	27	163	190	0.858	0.801-0.901	134	56	190	0.295	0.234-0.363
	Dead	42	194	236	0.822	0.768-0.866	174	60	234	0.256	0.205-0.316
	Survivors	15	133	148	0.899*	0.839-0.939	91	55	146	0.377*	0.302-0.458
Jun-12	Control	25	183	208	0.880	0.828-0.918	151	55	206	0.267	0.211-0.331
	Dead	9	45	54	0.833	0.710-0.912	42	12	54	0.222	0.131-0.351
	Survivors	14	132	146	0.904	0.844-0.943	90	56	146	0.384*	0.309-0.465
Jul-13	Control	16	126	142	0.887	0.823-0.934	109	33	142	0.232	0.166-0.311
*Tengrela*
Jul-12	Control	14	100	114	0.877	0.803-0.931	87	27	114	0.237	0.162-0.326
	Dead	18	80	98	0.816	0.725-0.887	66	32	98	0.327	0.235-0.429
	Survivors	11	81	92	0.880	0.796-0.939	66	26	92	0.283	0.194-0.386
Jul-13	Control	24	124	148	0.838	0.768-0.893	109	39	148	0.264	0.194-0.342

Allele frequencies with 95% CI of 1014F and 1575Y kdr alleles in An. coluzzi from Tengrela and VK7. VK7 samples are stratified according to deltamethrin exposure (unexposed control samples and mosquitoes that died or survived exposure to an approximate LT₅₀). In Tengrela the exposure time was one hour. Sample sets where allele frequency is significantly associated with insecticide survival (P <0.05) are marked by *.

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