Fig. 1

Nutritional and breeding strategy to generate the first- and second-generation offspring. Newborn F1 mice were raised from birth to weaning under control conditions (CON; F0 mother fed ad libitum) or lactation undernutrition condition (LUN; F0 mother fed 50 % of the food consumed by the control F0 mice) (upper panel). After weaning the F1 offspring from the all nutritional conditions were fed ad libitum. To generate the second-generation offspring (F2; lower panel), unrelated nonsibling F1 CON (C) and LUN (L) females (♀) and males (♂) were mated at age of 2 months in four combinations: C♀ x C♂, C♀ x L♂, L♀ x C♂, and L♀ x L♂ (middle panel). Lactating F1 females were not subjected to food restriction. After weaning the F2 offspring were fed ad libitum. Red dots represent possible sites of transcriptomic and functional modifications of HPG axis related reproductive circuits. Black dots – hypothalami and gonads of control animals