Fig. 5

Schematic representation of the syntenic comparison for the chloroplast genomes of selected taxa across Eurhodophytina. Taxa are ordered as in the phylogeny in Fig. 6. Corresponding locally collinear blocks (LCBs) are depicted as color-coded arrow blocks (A–K) and rectangle blocks (L–P). Major syntenic differences between Florideophyceae and Bangiophyceae are due to inversion and translocation of the collinear blocks B, C, E, G, I, J, K and L. Blocks A–K encompass the conserved protein-coding genes and most of the tRNA genes, and the direction of arrowhead indicates only the orientation of the gene cluster in an LCB relative to the Bangiophyceae. Black bars denote the genes shared by Bangiophyceae and Corallinophycidae that are no longer present in Rhodymeniophycidae, including the trnS gene in block B, the chlB gene in block F, and the chlL-chlN gene pair in block J. Other lineage- or species-specific gene losses in Rhodymeniophycidae are not indicated. Blocks L–P represent the typical rRNA operon made up of the rrf (block L), rrl (block M), the two tRNA genes trnA and trnI (block N) and rrs genes (block P). The rRNA operon experienced translocation in Rhodymeniales, complete duplication as direct repeats in Porphyra and Pyropia, and partial duplication of the rrf gene in Bangia and Wildemania