Fig. 1

Detoxification of methylglyoxal formed spontaneously from glycolysis or Calvin cycle during stress by glyoxalase pathway involving Glyoxalases I (Gly I) and II (Gly II) to help reduce glutathione (GSH). A novel Glyoxalase III (Gly III) enzyme catalyzing a single step reaction was recently discovered. AGEs: advanced glycation end-product residues; GSH: glutathione; ROS: reactive oxygen species. Methylglyoxal is also referred to as pyruvaldehyde or 2-oxopropanal