Fig. 7

Evolution of peptaibiotic clusters in Tolypocladium species. a Clusters 1 and 10 on opposite ends of chromosome 1 and Clusters 40 and 42 on the left arm of chromosome 6 are indicated by red bars below the chromosomes and contain a total of five peptaibiotic NRPSs and one relict NRPS adenylation (A) domain. Clusters1 and 10 showed differential deletion in different strains. The entire 13 modular NRPS (containing 13 modules of A, T, and C domains numbered 1–13) and the first five modules of the 8 modular NRPS deleted in strain 714.70, leaving only a pseudogene comprised of 3 modules. Similarly, the complete cluster 10 has been deleted in strain 8044. b A relict NRPS A domain in T. inflatum, found in Cluster 42 on chromosome 6, is located within a region of DNA that aligns with a peptaibiotic cluster in the closely related sister species Tolypocladium ophioglossoides [24]. The cluster in T. ophioglossoides, however, contains a 16 modular and 10 modular NRPS as well as a PKS (red) [24]. Although the PKS gene was conserved, both large NRPS genes were missing in cluster 42 in T. inflatum. Several A domains from the T. ophioglossoides 16 modular NRPS grouped phylogenetically with those in the T. inflatum 13 modular NRPS (1 ➔ 1, 3 ➔3, 11➔8, and 16 ➔13;maroon arrows), suggesting these two large NRPS genes are homologs and that the 13 modular NRPSs moved from cluster 42 on chromosome 6 to cluster 1 on chromosome 1 in T. inflatum. A DNA (hAT) TE (green) and a LINE/Tad1 retrotransposon (pink) are found at the edge of the deleted 13 modular NRPS within cluster 1 in strain 8044 and one DNA Mule (MuDr) element (green) is present on the 3′ end of the cluster in all T. inflatum strains