Fig. 4

WNV infection and IFN treatment increase secretion of mRNAs associated with antiviral response in EVs. a and b Volcano plots demonstrate significance and fold change in abundance of mRNAs in EVs secreted from WNV-infected (a) and IFN-treated (b) A549 cells compared to mock. Red colour highlights mRNAs exhibiting logFC>1, orange indicates mRNAs showing FDR-adjusted P-values <0.05 and green indicates mRNAs with logFC>1 and P-Value<0.05 (selected for further GO analysis). RNAs with increased abundance are located on the right side ((+) LogFC values) and RNAs with decreased abundance are located on the left side ((-) LogFC values). Gene names are indicated for mRNAs that exhibited the highest change in response to treatment/infection (P<0.001, logFC>5). c and d Bubble diagrams demonstrate GO biological processes significantly associated with mRNAs with increased abundance in EVs secreted by WNV-infected (c) and INF-treated (d) A549 cells. Size of the bubbles is proportional to the number of increased mRNAs associated with each process, adj p-values are Benjamini-corrected P-values that indicate significance of mRNA enrichment in the process, z-scores indicate direction of change (positive-increase, negative – decrease). Biological processes associated with antiviral response are shown as yellow bubbles with red labels