Fig. 8

Experimental validation of the σ⁵⁴ regulons in Clostridiales species. The EMSAs were performed with the purified SigL (σ⁵⁴) protein from C. beijerinckii and DNA fragments containing the candidate −24 and − 12 regions upstream of predicted target genes in Clostridiales species. As a negative control (N.C.), the promoter region of CAC2679 gene in C. acetobutylicum was used, which lacks putative −12 and − 24 elements