Fig. 2

Manhattan plots of markers associated with the five frost damage traits. The plots show the p-values (p) for association between a phenotypical trait and each tested marker (expressed as the negative decimal logarithm of p, y-axis) plotted against the linkage group position of the marker (x-axis). Plots above the red horizontal line indicate the genome-wide significance with the Bonferroni threshold (−log10 (p) > 5.33). a is the plot for the evaluation of frost damages in the controlled conditions experiment. b, c, d and e are the plots for the four evaluations of FD in the field experiment, corresponding to the 4 dates of damages observation