Fig. 5

Allelic variation, expression of MdLBD41 and MdbHLH48, and their effects on adventitious RGA in ‘BC’, ‘M9’, and their F1 hybrids. a and (b) Expression of MdLBD41 (a) and MdbHLH48 (b) by RT-qPCR (bar chart) and mean FPKM values (line chart) in the stem tissue during adventitious root formation in leafy cuttings of three hybrids with small (S) (13–0670, 13–0925, and 13–1611) and large (L) (12–1529, 12–1585, and 12–1830) RGAs. (C) and (D) Schematic diagram of variations of MdLBD41 (c) and MdbHLH48 (d). e and (f) Box plots showing RGA differences of markers Z312 (e) and S1288 (f). The numbers of the hybrids are presented in parentheses. g Transient expression analysis of various constructs of MdLBD41-pro: LUC. “pro” represents the promoter. h Schematic of MdbHLH48-pro: LUC vector constructs truncated either with or without Del360. i Transient expression analysis of various truncated constructs of MdbHLH48-pro: LUC. Asterisks represent significance levels of P < 0.05 by Dunnett’s multiple comparison