Fig. 3

Expression profiles of vg in different body parts, developmental stages, and wing morphs of R. padi. Vg expression levels in different tissues of third instar wingless (a) and winged morphs (b). Expression levels of vg in wingless (c) and winged lines (d) during development. e Comparison of vg expression between wing morphs during developmental stages. Abbreviations: first (1st), second (2nd), third nymphal instars (3rd), and fourth (4th) instar nymphs, wingless (WL), winged (WD). Different letters on the histogram bars indicate significant differences based on one-way analysis of ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD multiple comparison test (P < 0.05). Asterisks indicate significant difference according to Student’s t-test (P < 0.05)