Fig. 1

The life cycle of Copidosoma floridanum. C. floridanum oviposited its egg into the host egg (a). Then, the C. floridanum egg starts developing from the two-cell stage to morula and invaginates into host the embryo (b and c). The morula embryo is clonally divided, and polyembryos are formed around 60 h after parasitism after invading the host embryo (d). A part of polyembryos starts segmentation and, then, develops into soldier larvae via soldier embryo (e and f). Each embryo achieves morphogenesis when the host insect develops at the end of the fifth instar larvae (g) and, then, reproductive larva appears (h). Finally, reproductive larvae emerge when the host insect achieves on the second day of sixth instar larvae, and the adult emerges from the mummy (i). j-m: T. intermixta life cycle. (j) T. intermixta egg indicates black arrows. (k) final (sixth) instar larva. (l) pupa, (m) adult