ddRAD sequencing: an emerging technology added to the biosecurity toolbox for tracing the origin of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Table 4 Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) the five genetic clusters derived from the 389 individuals from the 12 countries

Source of variation	d.f.	SS	Variance components	% variation
Among clusters	4	11,128.09	15.079	7.09
Among countries within clusters	7	3177.27	5.436	2.56
Within countries	784	150,556.74	192.0366	90.35

The calculations were based on SNPs from ddRADseq data. Note: d.f. (Degrees of freedom): the number of independent values on which the estimate is based on. SS (sum of squares): the sum of squared differences of each observation from the mean. The results showed that most of the variation in the dataset was found among the individuals within countries. The five clusters are: Cluster 1: Chile, Georgia, Hungary Turkey, Italy and the USA; Cluster 2: Romania; Cluster3: Austria, Serbia and Slovenia; Cluster 4: China and Cluster 5: Japan

ISSN: 1471-2164