Table 3 Differentially expressed genes in the hypertrophic region of dorsal lip in Gnathochromis permaxillaris with related functions in vertebrates

apoda

A multi-ligand transporter involved in neural cell survival

found to be repressed in lip tissue of thick-lipped Midas cichlid

Human

Mouse

Cichlid

(Dassati, Waldner & Schweigreiter, 2014) [30] (Manousaki et al., 2013) [7]

cyp1a

Involved in xenobiotic and steroid metabolism and associated with lip and palate cleft and cancers

Human

(Linnenkamp et al., 2020) [31] (Stuppia et al., 2011) [32]

fhl2

A transcriptional modulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis, found to be repressed in lip tissue of thick-lipped Midas cichlid

Human

Cichlid

(Ng et al., 2011) [33] (Labalette et al., 2008) [34] (Manousaki et al., 2013) [7]

foxf1

Micro-deletion causes lip and palate deformities

Human

Mouse

(Shaw-Smith, 2010) [35] (Xu et al., 2016) [36]

foxp1

Non-functional mutation causes pronounced vermilion border of upper lip

Human

(Meerschaut et al., 2017) [37]

gimap8

A GTP-binding protein with role in immunity and apoptosis, found to be repressed in lip tissue of thick-lipped Midas cichlid

Cichlid

(Manousaki et al., 2013) [7]

igf2

Expression changes in Russell–Silver syndrome leads to thin vermilion border of upper lip

Human

(Peñaherrera et al., 2010) [38]

lama5

An extracellular matrix glycoprotein mediating the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues, and implicated in lip inflammation and carcinogenesis

Human

(Peixoto da-Silva et al., 2012) [39]

rasal3

A negative regulator of Ras pathway and its duplication and deletion are both linked to defective lip morphogenesis

Human

(Draaken et al., 2013) [40] (Kosaki et al., 2011) [41]

Trim37

A tripartite motif family member involved in developmental patterning and its mutation causes lip and palate cleft

Human

(Kumpf et al., 2013) [42]

tcf12

Non-functional mutation causes thin upper lip and craniofacial deformities

Human

(Piard et al., 2015) [43]