Comparative genomics of two inbred lines of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis reveals disparate effector family-specific diversification patterns

Table 2 Effector families mapped in genomes of G. rostochiensis lines Gr-line19 and Gr-line22

Expression	Effector family	Functionality / similarity		Reference
Subventral esophageal glands	GH5^a	Beta 1,4 endoglucanase	CWDE	[20]
	GH30	xylanase, glucosylceramidase, etc.		[21]
	GH43	candidate arabinanase		[16]
	GH53	candidate arabinogalactanase		[16]
	PL3^b	Pectate lyase		[22]
	Hg-GLAND 10	cellulose binding protein		[23, 24]
	VAL	Venom allergen-like protein	Immune	[25]
Dorsal esophageal gland	SPRYSEC	Suppression and activation of plant innate immunity	Immune	[26]
	GSS	glutathione synthetase-like effectors involved in redox regulation	Feeding site	[27]
	CLE	CLAVATA3/ESR-related peptides, mimic plant CLEs	Feeding site	[28]
	1106	PTI and ETI suppressor	Immune	[29]
	Hg16B09	Suppression plant innate immunity		[30]
	Hg-GLAND1	ETI suppressor		[24] [31]
	Hg-GLAND5	PTI suppressor		[24] [31]
	Hg-GLAND6 (4D06)	PTI suppressor		[24] [31]
	Hg-GLAND 12	Pioneer (function unknown)	Feeding site	[24]
	Hg-GLAND 13	Invertase (Rhizobium)		[24]
	Hg-GLAND 14	Endopeptidase (Ascaris suum)		[24]
Amphids	HYP	hyper-variable extracellular effector (function unknown)	?	[32]

^a GH Glycoside Hydrolases; ^bPL Polysaccharide Lyases, Family numbering according to CAZy (http://www.cazy.org),
‘Expression’ (left column) refers to nematode organs in which at least one effector family member was shown to be expressed. Subventral esophageal glands of potato cyst nematode are mainly active during migration to the host plant, and host plant penetration. The dorsal esophageal gland shows highest activity during feeding site induction and maintenance. Amphids are chemosensory organs located at the head region of the nematode. For effector families in bold, diversification and physical distribution are investigated in detail. CWDE: cell wall-degrading enzymes, Immune: effector families for which at least one member is known to affect the plant innate immune system, Feeding site: effector families for which at least one member is known to be involved in feeding site induction or maintenance

ISSN: 1471-2164