Fig. 1

Subtype-balanced Heaps’ Law estimates of pangenome openness for 12 microbial pathogens. a Total number of genomes analyzed per species. b MLST subtype diversity per species’ genome collection, as quantified by unique MLSTs per genome and Shannon diversity of MLST distributions. Low diversity outlier E. faecium is labeled. c Example fit of Heaps’ Law between the number of genomes or MLSTs versus running pangenome size. d Comparison of openness values estimated per species, with or without controlling for MLST (error bars are standard deviations from 100 estimates). e Means and standard deviations of openness estimates after controlling for MLST, versus phylogenetic class