Fig. 2

Phylogenetic tree containing the protein kinome of Homo sapiens, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax. The tree is represented in a circular format and contains a total of 671 protein kinases sequences excluding the atypical kinases (H. sapiens − 497, P. falciparum − 98 and P. vivax – 78). P. falciparum sequences were accessed from [8], H. sapiens sequences were accessed from [16] and P. vivax sequences were identified from PlasmoDB [17] and initially aligned using ClustalOmega [23]. All of the kinase sequences were imported into Jalview [24]. Using the human kinases as a template. the Plasmodium kinases were aligned into the conserved regions as defined by [16]. The resultant 230 column alignment was assessed using RAxML to infer phylogenetic distances and determine bootstrapping [41]. RAxML Gui 2.0 [42] was used with the following parameters: maximum-likelihood rapid bootstrap with the PROTgamma substitution model LG4M, with AutoMRE. A gene tree was inferred through the RAxML analysis using the ‘best tree’ and rendered with the interactive tree of life webserver (iTOL) [44]. HMMER profiling was performed for P. falciparum and P. vivax kinases using the defined families of Kinomer [25] with the addition of the NEK family (see Supplementary data 3). Using the tree structure, HMMER results and the known human kinase family assignments the Plasmodium kinases were assigned to the 9 typical protein kinase groups. These family assignments were annotated using Adobe illustrator along with the Aurora kinase family (ARK) and the Apicomplexan-specific kinase family FIKK. Orphan, or ‘other’ kinases are largely unassigned to families (white background). Bootstraps values above 50 are represented as circles on the associated branches, larger circles indicate higher bootstrap values. Plasmodium kinases are indicated with a red star and, the associated branches are bold