Fig. 6

Metabolomic profiling analysis in AF-HF patients with NYHA IV compared to NYHA III. PLSDA score plot for discriminating HF patients with NYHA III and NYHA IV in positive ion (A) and negative ion (B). The volcano plot of positive ion (C) and negative ion (D) showed the metabolites between HF patients with NYHA III and NYHA IV. E Metabolite profiles of distinguishing NYHA III and NYHA IV