Fig. 1

Procedure of a complete barcoded evolution experiment with analysis included. Steps 1 to 4 depict the procedure of a typical bar-seq evolution experiment, which gives rise to a series of lineage trajectories over the course of the experiment (Step 5), with each lineage defined by one barcode. Different colors represent lineages with different barcodes. Step 6 is a schematic of how we use these trajectories to identify adaptive mutations that occurred in the evolution experiment, and self-consistently infer the fitness effects and establishment times of individual mutations together with the mean fitness of the population (Methods section)