Fig. 1

CCL2 is highly expressed in GBM. A, B The expression level of CCL2 in GBM (A) and gliomas stratified with different WHO grade (B) was analyzed with the mRNAseq_325 dataset in the CGGA atlas. O, oligoastrocytoma; A, astrocytoma, rO, recurrent oligoastrocytoma; rA, recurrent astrocytoma; AO, anaplastic oligoastrocytoma; AA, anaplastic astrocytoma; rAA, recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme. p value, GBM vs. O (A) and WHO IV vs. III (B). C CCL2 expression in GBM and normal counterparts was compared using GEPIA datasets. TPM, transcripts per million. D Comparison of CCL2 protein level in GBM and normal counterparts was implemented using the CPTAC proteomic data. * p < 0.05, Wilcox test. E, F The volcano plot (E) and heatmap plot (F) of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were derived from GSE116520 dataset