Fig. 4

Biological activity on HCT116 by fractions separated from A. keiskei-fed larval frass. (A) Thirteen fractions separated from Chl. ext. using open column chromatography. (B) Cell viability of HCT116 cells treated with Fr. 1, Fr. 3 and Fr. 9. (C) BrdU assay in HCT116 cells after treatment with Fr. 1. The absorbance indicates inhibition of cell proliferation. (D) Morphological observation of HCT116 cells treated with 5 µg/mL of Fr. 12 or Fr. 13. DMSO (0.5%, v/v) was used as a negative control (NC), and 5 µM cisplatin (CDDP) was used as a positive control (PC). (E) Cell viability of A549 (lung cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer), HepG2 (hepatic cancer), MIA PaCa2 (pancreatic cancer), TGBC1TKB (gallbladder cancer) and HFSKF-II (human fibroblasts derived from foetal skin) cells treated with 5 µg/mL of Fr. 12. Cell viability was determined by WST-1 assay. Error bars represent the mean ± SD from three biological replicates. Significant differences from the control were analysed with Student’s t test, *P <0.05, **P <0.01, ***P <0.001. Scale bars = 100 μm