Fig. 1

Human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1). (A) Domain diagram of ICAM-1 and PfEMP1. Human ICAM-1: Topological domain is colored brown and disordered transmembrane domain is shown in pattern. PfEMP1: DBL2 domain is colored blue. The total number of mutations in different domains of ICAM-1 are shown in red box (B) A-type PfEMP1 DBLβ in complex with ICAM-1 (PDB ID: 5MZA) (C) BC-type PfEMP1 DBLβ in complex with ICAM-1 (PDB ID: 6S8U). ICAM-1 and DBLβ are colored light blue and pink respectively and shown as ribbons and transparent surface. All 116 SNPs in ICAM-1’s structurally ordered topological domain are colored orange. SNPs that lie in the DBLβ-interacting region are shown as red spheres. The high-frequency SNPs are shown as blue spheres. The common interacting residues between A-type and BC-type are encircled in a red box