Fig. 4

Projected spatial turnover of Q. robur allele frequencies using GFs for different subsets of SNPs: all SNPs (e); SNPs associated with geography (f); climate (g); and phenotypic traits (h). The biplots (a-d) indicate the contribution of the environmental variables to the predicted patterns of genetic turnover (e–h), with labeled vectors indicating the direction and magnitude of environmental gradients. The difference between GF models (i-k) mapped in (e) and (f–h) is based on Procrustes residuals, scaled by the maximum distance found for each comparison. Black circles (e-k) indicate the locations of genotyped populations