Fig. 3

Segmental duplications have resulted in gene family expansion across Schistosoma mansoni subtelomeres. A) Sequence homology clustering of proteins encoded in SDs identifies discrete gene families amplified by SDs. Gene nodes are coloured by loci (orange for subtelomeres, blue for chromosome body), and number of genes per cluster and putative annotation are also shown. B) Heatmap representing relative transcript abundance (normalised to Z-score, by row and separately for each method) of expanded subtelomeric gene families analysed across multiple life cycle stages of S. mansoni. Bulk RNA-seq data [41] was sampled at the following time points and life stages: Eggs, Miracidia, Sporocyst D1 & D5 (mechanically transformed sporocysts recovered after 1 and 5 days of in vitro culturing), Sporocyst D32 (parasites recovered from in vivo snail infections 32 days post infection), cercariae, schistosomulae D2 (mechanically transformed schistosomula recovered after 2 days in in vitro culturing) and juvenile D26 male and female worms (recovered after 26 days post mouse infection). scRNA-seq analysis of Miracidia [48], Sporocyst (mechanically transformed and recovered after 5 days of in vitro culture) [49] and Male and Female adults [50]. Datasets were repurposed to analyse subtelomeric genes. Gene clusters shown are those with > two genes and found predominantly subtelomeric. Grey boxes indicate no detectable expression. Raw data used to generate heatmap can be found in Supplementary Table 7