Fig. 4

Distribution of KEGG pathways in the two cultivars after aphid infestation. Upregulated and downregulated DEGs in the two cultivars were analyzed by KEGG enrichment separately. RC, RT, SC, and ST are samples of one high resistance (R, Harmonie) and one highly susceptibility (S, Carefree Wonder) rose cultivar with (T) or without (C) aphid infestation. Enriched terms are visualized by bar plots with P-value levels indicated as − log₁₀ (P value). The values are represented by the asterisks near the bar