Fig. 3

Phylogenetic prediction of positively selected genes. a Ka/Ks values were used to predict selection pressures. The results were calculated from blocks of whole-genome duplicated alignments. b A phylogenetic tree with divergence time calibration constructed using orthologous genes. Four fossils from Timetree (www.timetree.org/) were utilized to infer divergence times. The possible separation time between hematophagous and non-hematophagous species is highlighted in blue. Fossils was numbered and marked at the nodes. Colored branches represented the same subfamily. c Identification of critical positively selected genes. Genes were clustered into two co-expression modules colored in darkgreen and cyan, respectively. d The KEGG pathway of five critical positively selected genes are shown. Pathway colored in darkgreen represented module 1, while black one was module 2. e Differential expression of five critical PSGs between carcass and ovary was presented. f Mosquito-specific mutation in the gene PGANT3 was highlighted. Specific mutation was highlighted and showed under the sequence. Red label represented mosquitoes, while cyan label represented flies. Caele was an outgroup colored in black. Protein domains were colored in darkgreen