Fig. 1

Sampling locations (red blots) in Yunnan (n = 1), Tibet (n = 1), Qinghai (South- 2, North- 8). ArcGIS 10.3 software (http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis) was used to develop the map. The background represent classification system of land-cover products (GlobCover2009): Post-flooding (11), Rainfed croplands (14), Mosaic cropland 50–70% (20), Mosaic cropland 20–50% (30), Semi-deciduous forest (40), Closed broadleaved deciduous forest (50), Open broadleaved deciduous forest (60), Closed needleleaved evergreen forest (70). Open needleleaved deciduous forest (90), Closed to open mixed broadleaved and needleleaved forest (100), Mosaic forest (110), Mosaic grassland (120), Closed to open shrubland (130), Closed to open herbaceous vegetation (140), Sparse vegetation (150), Fresh or brackish water (160), Saline or brackish water (170), Fresh, brackish or saline water (190), Artificial surfaces and associated area (190), Bate areas (200), Water bodies (210), Permanent snow and ice (220)