Fig. 3

Manhattan statistical comparison plot. Manhattan comparison plots of mean (A), additive (B) and gene-environment interactive sections (C) at a heritability of 0.9 and genetic correlation of 0.1. Different colors are used in the diagram to distinguish between different chromosomes (X-axis). Loci with reinforcing circles and centroids are set up as real QTN loci. Consecutive loci found in both parts are shown as id lines, and loci found separately in the reciprocal effect only are shown as dashed lines. Parallel horizontal lines indicate significance thresholds (p-value < 3.23 × 10^–6). D Quantile–quantile plots of simulated phenotypes for demo data from genome-wide association studies. x-axis indicates expected values of log p-values and y-axis is observed values of log p-values. The diagonal coefficients in red are 1. GbyE-inter is the interactive section in GbyE; GbyE-AddE is the additive section in GbyE