Finlay BB, McFadden G: Anti-immunology: evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and viral pathogens. Cell. 2006, 124: 767-782. 10.1016/j.cell.2006.01.034.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pays E: Regulation of antigen gene expression in Trypanosoma brucei. Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21: 517-520. 10.1016/j.pt.2005.08.016.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stringer JR: Antigenic variation in pneumocystis. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2007, 54: 8-13. 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00225.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
van der Woude MW, Bäumler AJ: Phase and antigenic variation in bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004, 17: 581-611. 10.1128/CMR.17.3.581-611.2004.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jain N, Fries BC: Antigenic and phenotypic variations in fungi. Cell Microbiol. 2009, 11: 1716-1723. 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01384.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen X, Magee BB, Dawson D, Magee PT, Kumamoto CA: Chromosome 1 trisomy compromises the virulence of Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol. 2004, 51: 551-565. 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03852.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rustchenko E: Chromosome instability in Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res. 2007, 7: 2-11. 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00150.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Forche A, Magee PT, Selmecki A, Berman J, May G: Evolution in Candida albicans populations during a single passage through a mouse host. Genetics. 2009, 182: 799-811. 10.1534/genetics.109.103325.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Forche A, May G, Magee PT: Demonstration of loss of heterozygosity by single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray analysis and alterations in strain morphology in Candida albicans strains during infection. Eukaryotic Cell. 2005, 4: 156-165. 10.1128/EC.4.1.156-165.2005.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Coste A, Selmecki A, Forche A, Diogo D, Bougnoux ME, d'Enfert C, Berman J, Sanglard D: Genotypic evolution of azole resistance mechanisms in sequential Candida albicans isolates. Eukaryot Cell. 2007, 6: 1889-1904. 10.1128/EC.00151-07.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Selmecki A, Forche A, Berman J: Genomic plasticity of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell. 2010, 9: 991-1008. 10.1128/EC.00060-10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Selmecki A, Bergmann S, Berman J: Comparative genome hybridization reveals widespread aneuploidy in Candida albicans laboratory strains. Mol Microbiol. 2005, 55: 1553-1565. 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04492.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Selmecki A, Forche A, Berman J: Aneuploidy and isochromosome formation in drug-resistant Candida albicans. Science. 2006, 313: 367-370. 10.1126/science.1128242.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Selmecki A, Gerami-Nejad M, Paulson C, Forche A, Berman J: An isochromosome confers drug resistance in vivo by amplification of two genes, ERG11 and TAC1. Mol Microbiol. 2008, 68: 624-641. 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06176.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Selmecki A, Dulmage MK, Cowen LE, Anderson JB, Berman J: Acquisition of aneuploidy provides increased fitness during the evolution of antifungal drug resistance. PLoS Genet. 2009, 5: e1000705-10.1371/journal.pgen.1000705.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Park BJ, Wannemuehler KA, Marston BJ, Govender N, Pappas PG, Chiller TM: Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. Aids. 2009, 23: 525-530. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328322ffac.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fries BC, Chen F, Currie BP, Casadevall A: Karyotype instability in Cryptococcus neoformans infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1996, 34: 1531-1534.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hu G, Liu I, Sham A, Stajich JE, Dietrich FS, Kronstad JW: Comparative hybridization reveals extensive genome variation in the AIDS-associated pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Genome Biol. 2008, 9: R41-10.1186/gb-2008-9-2-r41.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lengeler KB, Cox GM, Heitman J: Serotype AD strains of Cryptococcus neoformans are diploid or aneuploid and are heterozygous at the mating-type locus. Infect Immun. 2001, 69: 115-122. 10.1128/IAI.69.1.115-122.2001.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lin X, Patel S, Litvintseva AP, Floyd A, Mitchell TG, Heitman J: Diploids in the Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A population homozygous for the alpha mating type originate via unisexual mating. PLoS Pathog. 2009, 5: e1000283-10.1371/journal.ppat.1000283.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Litvintseva AP, Lin X, Templeton I, Heitman J, Mitchell TG: Many globally isolated AD hybrid strains of Cryptococcus neoformans originated in Africa. PLoS Pathog. 2007, 3: e114-10.1371/journal.ppat.0030114.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Litvintseva AP, Marra RE, Nielsen K, Heitman J, Vilgalys R, Mitchell TG: Evidence of sexual recombination among Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A isolates in sub-Saharan Africa. Eukaryot Cell. 2003, 2: 1162-1168. 10.1128/EC.2.6.1162-1168.2003.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Litvintseva AP, Thakur R, Vilgalys R, Mitchell TG: Multilocus sequence typing reveals three genetic subpopulations of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A), including a unique population in Botswana. Genetics. 2006, 172: 2223-2238.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Litvintseva AP, Mitchell TG: Most environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) are not lethal for mice. Infect Immun. 2009, 77: 3188-3195. 10.1128/IAI.00296-09.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Okagaki LH, Strain AK, Nielsen JN, Charlier C, Baltes NJ, Chrétien F, Heitman J, Dromer F, Nielsen K: Cryptococcal cell morphology affects host cell interactions and pathogenicity. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6: e1000953-10.1371/journal.ppat.1000953.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zaragoza O, García-Rodas R, Nosanchuk JD, Cuenca-Estrella M, Rodríguez-Tudela JL, Casadevall A: Fungal cell gigantism during mammalian infection. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6: e1000945-10.1371/journal.ppat.1000945.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sionov E, Lee H, Chang YC, Kwon-Chung KJ: Cryptococcus neoformans overcomes stress of azole drugs by formation of disomy in specific multiple chromosomes. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6: e1000848-10.1371/journal.ppat.1000848.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Desnos-Ollivier M, Patel S, Spaulding AR, Charlier C, Garcia-Hermoso D, Nielsen K, Dromer F: Mixed infections and in vivo evolution in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. mBio. 2010, 1: e00091-10.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Loftus BJ, Fung E, Roncaglia P, Rowley D, Amedeo P, Bruno D, Vamathevan J, Miranda M, Anderson IJ, Fraser JA, Allen JE, Bosdet IE, Brent MR, Chiu R, Doering TL, Donlin MJ, D'Souza CA, Fox DS, Grinberg V, Fu J, Fukushima M, Haas BJ, Huang JC, Janbon G, Jones SJ, Koo HL, Krzywinski MI, Kwon-Chung JK, Lengeler KB, Maiti R, Marra MA, Marra RE, Mathewson CA, Mitchell TG, Pertea M, Riggs FR, Salzberg SL, Schein JE, Shvartsbeyn A, Shin H, Shumway M, Specht CA, Suh BB, Tenney A, Utterback TR, Wickes BL, Wortman JR, Wye NH, Kronstad JW, Lodge JK, Heitman J, Davis RW, Fraser CM, Hyman RW: The genome of the basidiomycetous yeast and human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Science. 2005, 307: 1321-1324. 10.1126/science.1103773.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kavanaugh LA, Fraser JA, Dietrich FS: Recent evolution of the human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans by intervarietal transfer of a 14-gene fragment. Mol Biol Evol. 2006, 23: 1879-1890. 10.1093/molbev/msl070.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fraser JA, Huang JC, Pukkila-Worley R, Alspaugh JA, Mitchell TG, Heitman J: Chromosomal translocation and segmental duplication in Cryptococcus neoformans. Eukaryot Cell. 2005, 4: 401-406. 10.1128/EC.4.2.401-406.2005.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hu G, Steen BR, Lian TS, Sham AP, Tam N, Tangen KL, Kronstad JW: Transcriptional regulation by protein kinase A in Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS Pathogens. 2007, 3: e42-10.1371/journal.ppat.0030042.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kronstad JW, Attarian R, Cadieux B, Choi J, D'Souza CA, Griffiths EJ, Geddes JMK, Hu G, Jung WH, Kretschmer M, Saikia S, Wang J: Expanding fungal pathogenesis: Cryptococcus species break out of the opportunistic box. Nature Rev Microbiol. 2011, 9: 193-203. 10.1038/nrmicro2522.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Walton FJ, Idnurm A, Heitman J: Novel gene functions required for melanization of the human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Mol Microbiol. 2005, 57: 1381-1396. 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04779.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Panepinto JC, Williamson PR: Intersection of fungal fitness and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. FEMS Yeast Res. 2006, 6: 489-498. 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00078.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Noverr M, Williamson P, Fajardo R, Huffnagle G: CNLAC1 is required for extrapulmonary dissemination of Cryptococcus neoformans but not pulmonary persistence. Infect Immun. 2004, 72: 1693-1699. 10.1128/IAI.72.3.1693-1699.2004.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang S, Hacham M, Panepinto J, Hu G, Shin S, Zhu X, Williamson PR: The Hsp70 member, Ssa1, acts as a DNA-binding transcriptional co-activator of laccase in Cryptococcus neoformans. Mol Microbiol. 2006, 62: 1090-1101. 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05422.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhu X, Williamson PR: Role of laccase in the biology and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. FEMS Yeast Res. 2004, 5: 1-10. 10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.04.004.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Torres EM, Sokolsky T, Tucker CM, Chan LY, Boselli M, Dunham MJ, Amon A: Effects of aneuploidy on cellular physiology and cell division in haploid yeast. Science. 2007, 317: 916-924. 10.1126/science.1142210.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hughes TR, Roberts CJ, Dai H, Jones AR, Meyer MR, Slade D, Burchard J, Dow S, Ward TR, Kidd MJ, Friend SH, Marton MJ: Widespread aneuploidy revealed by DNA microarray expression profiling. Nat Genet. 2000, 25: 333-337. 10.1038/77116.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boekhout T, van Belkum A: Variability of karyotypes and RAPD types in genetically related strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. Curr Genet. 1997, 32: 203-208. 10.1007/s002940050267.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fries BC, Casadevall A: Serial isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from patients with AIDS differ in virulence for mice. J Infect Dis. 1998, 178: 1761-1766. 10.1086/314521.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Franzot SP, Mukherjee J, Cherniak R, Chen LC, Hamdan JS, Casadevall A: Microevolution of standard strain of Cryptococcus neoformans resulting in differences in virulence and other phenotypes. Infect Immun. 1998, 66: 89-97.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Spitzer ED, Spitzer SG, Freundlich LF, Casadevall A: Persistence of the initial infection in recurrent cryptococcal meningitis. Lancet. 1993, 341: 595-596. 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90354-J.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dromer F, Varma A, Ronin O, Mathoulin S, Dupont B: Molecular typing of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype D clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 1994, 32: 2364-2371.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Perfect JR, Ketabchi N, Cox GM, Ingram CW, Beiser CL: Karyotyping of Cryptococcus neoformans as an epidemiological tool. J Clin Microbiol. 1993, 31: 3305-3309.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Varma A, Kwon-Chung KJ: Heteroresistance of Cryptococcus gattii to fluconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010, 54: 2303-2311. 10.1128/AAC.00153-10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
D'Souza CA, Kronstad JW, Taylor G, Warren R, Yuen M, Hu G, Jung WH, Sham A, Kidd SE, Tangen K, Lee N, Zeilmaker T, Sawkins J, McVicker G, Shah S, Gnerre S, Griggs A, Zeng Q, Bartlett K, Li W, Wang X, Heitman J, Stajich JE, Fraser JA, Meyer W, Carter D, Schein J, Krzywinski M, Kwon-Chung KJ, Varma A, Wang J, Brunham R, Fyfe M, Ouellette BF, Siddiqui A, Marra M, Jones S, Holt R, Birren BW, Galagan JE, Cuomo CA: Genome variation in Cryptococcus gattii, an emerging pathogen of immunocompetent hosts. MBio. 2011, 2: pii: e00342-10.
Google Scholar
Lin X, Nielsen K, Patel S, Heitman J: Impact of mating type, serotype, and ploidy on the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun. 2008, 76: 2923-2938. 10.1128/IAI.00168-08.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Iwaguchi S, Homma M, Tanaka K: Variation in the electrophoretic karyotype analysed by the assignment of DNA probes in Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol. 1990, 136: 2433-2442.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Iwaguchi SI, Sato M, Magee BB, Magee PT, Makimura K, Suzuki T: Extensive chromosome translocation in a clinical isolate showing the distinctive carbohydrate assimilation profile from a candidiasis patient. Yeast. 2001, 18: 1035-1046. 10.1002/yea.748.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Janbon G, Sherman F, Rustchenko E: Monosomy of a specific chromosome determines L-sorbose utilization: a novel regulatory mechanism in Candida albicans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 5150-5155. 10.1073/pnas.95.9.5150.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ibrahim AS, Magee BB, Sheppard DC, Yang M, Kauffman S, Becker J, Edwards JE, Magee PT: Effects of ploidy and mating type on virulence of Candida albicans. Infect Immun. 2005, 73: 7366-7374. 10.1128/IAI.73.11.7366-7374.2005.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Marr KA, Lyons CN, Ha K, Rustad TR, White TC: Inducible azole resistance associated with a heterogeneous phenotype in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001, 45: 52-59. 10.1128/AAC.45.1.52-59.2001.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Arbour M, Epp E, Hogues H, Sellam A, Lacroix C, Rauceo J, Mitchell A, Whiteway M, Nantel A: Widespread occurrence of chromosomal aneuploidy following the routine production of Candida albicans mutants. FEMS Yeast Res. 2009, 9: 1070-1077. 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00563.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bouchonville K, Forche A, Tang K, Selmecki A, Berman J: Aneuploid chromosomes are highly unstable during DNA transformation of Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell. 2009, 8: 1554-1566. 10.1128/EC.00209-09.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Poláková S, Blume C, Zárate JA, Mentel M, Jørck-Ramberg D, Stenderup J, Piskur J: Formation of new chromosomes as a virulence mechanism in yeast Candida glabrata. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009, 106: 2688-2693. 10.1073/pnas.0809793106.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
van der Horst CM, Saag MS, Cloud GA, Hamill RJ, Graybill JR, Sobel JD, Johnson PC, Tuazon CU, Kerkering T, Moskovitz BL, Powderly WG, Dismukes WE: Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1997, 337: 15-21. 10.1056/NEJM199707033370103.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rancati G, Pavelka N, Fleharty B, Noll A, Trimble R, Walton K, Perera A, Staehling-Hampton K, Seidel CW, Li R: Aneuploidy underlies rapid adaptive evolution of yeast cells deprived of a conserved cytokinesis motor. Cell. 2008, 135: 879-893. 10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.039.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Duncan AW, Taylor MH, Hickey RD, Hanlon Newell AE, Lenzi ML, Olson SB, Finegold MJ, Grompe M: The ploidy conveyor of mature hepatocytes as a source of genetic variation. Nature. 2010, 467: 707-710. 10.1038/nature09414.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pavelka N, Rancati G, Li R: Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: role of aneuploidy in cellular adaptation and cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2010, 22: 809-815. 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.06.003.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ma LJ, van der Does HC, Borkovich KA, Coleman JJ, Daboussi MJ, Di Pietro A, Dufresne M, Freitag M, Grabherr M, Henrissat B, Houterman PM, Kang S, Shim WB, Woloshuk C, Xie X, Xu JR, Antoniw J, Baker SE, Bluhm BH, Breakspear A, Brown DW, Butchko RA, Chapman S, Coulson R, Coutinho PM, Danchin EG, Diener A, Gale LR, Gardiner DM, Goff S, et al: Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in Fusarium. Nature. 2010, 464: 367-373. 10.1038/nature08850.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pavelka N, Rancati G, Zhu J, Bradford WD, Saraf A, Florens L, Sanderson BW, Hattem GL, Li R: Aneuploidy confers quantitative proteome changes and phenotypic variation in budding yeast. Nature. 2010, 468: 321-325. 10.1038/nature09529.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hu G, Kronstad JW: Gene disruption in Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii by in vitro transposition. Current Genet. 2006, 49: 341-350. 10.1007/s00294-005-0054-x.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hu G, Kronstad JW: A putative P-type ATPase, Apt1, Is involved in stress tolerance and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Eukaryot Cell. 2010, 9: 74-83. 10.1128/EC.00289-09.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jung WH, Saikia S, Hu G, Wang J, Fung CK-Y, D'Souza C, White R, Kronstad JW: HapX positively and negatively regulates the transcriptional response to iron deprivation in Cryptococcus neoformans. PloS Pathogens. 2010, 6: e1001209-10.1371/journal.ppat.1001209.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Park J, Park B, Jung K, Jang S, Yu K, Choi J, Kong S, Park J, Kim S, Kim H, Kim S, Kim JF, Blair J, Lee K, Kang S, Lee Y-H: CFGP: A Web-based, Comparative Fungal Genomics Platform. Nucl Acids Res. 2008, 36: D562-D571.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith GK: Linear models and empirical Bayes methods for assessing dierential expression in microarray experiments. Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2004, 3 (1): Article 3
Google Scholar