Many model proteomes or "complete" sets of proteins of given organisms are now publicly available. Much effort has been invested in computational annotation of those "draft" proteomes. Motif or domain based algorithms play a pivotal role in functional classification of proteins. Employing most available computational algorithms, mainly motif or domain recognition algorithms, we set up to develop an online proteome annotation system with integrated proteome annotation data to complement existing resources.
Results
We report here the development of PCAS (ProteinCentric Annotation System) as an online resource of pre-computed proteome annotation data. We applied most available motif or domain databases and their analysis methods, including hmmpfam search of HMMs in Pfam, SMART and TIGRFAM, RPS-PSIBLAST search of PSSMs in CDD, pfscan of PROSITE patterns and profiles, as well as PSI-BLAST search of SUPERFAMILY PSSMs. In addition, signal peptide and TM are predicted using SignalP and TMHMM respectively. We mapped SUPERFAMILY and COGs to InterPro, so the motif or domain databases are integrated through InterPro. PCAS displays table summaries of pre-computed data and a graphical presentation of motifs or domains relative to the protein. As of now, PCAS contains human IPI, mouse IPI, and rat IPI, A. thaliana, C. elegans, D. melanogaster, S. cerevisiae, and S. pombe proteome.
PCAS gives better annotation coverage for model proteomes by employing a wider collection of available algorithms. Besides presenting the most confident annotation data, PCAS also allows customized query so users can inspect statistically less significant boundary information as well. Therefore, besides providing general annotation information, PCAS could be used as a discovery platform. We plan to update PCAS twice a year. We will upgrade PCAS when new proteome annotation algorithms identified.
Background
Proteome is defined as a "complete" set of proteins of a given model organism. Many proteomes are now available. Much effort have been invested in computational annotation of those "draft" proteomes. Motif or domain based algorithms play pivotal roles in proteome annotation. This is mostly because of their sensitivity, coverage and the well-curated functional information associated with known motifs or domains. Over the years, many motif or domain databases have been developed (PROSITE [1], Pfam [2], SMART [3], TIGRFAM [4], PRINTS [5], Blocks [6], ProDom [7] etc.), so have their underlying computation methods (pfscan [8], HMMER [9], FingerPRINTScan [10] etc.). InterPro [11] provides an integrated resource to cross-reference such motif or domain databases. InterProScan [12] has integrated various analysis methods to provide an InterPro based integrated platform for motif or domain recognition. Consistent with this effort, CDD [13] provides another rich resource for functional motifs or domains, which could complement those in InterPro. RPS-PSIBLAST [14] is the analysis method to classify protein with CDD PSSMs. There are also regular expression pattern matching methods for general or special applications in database search [15–18]. However, they are less used in general proteome annotation effort.
Since different motif or domain databases and their specific algorithms, diagnostically may have different sensitivities and specificities, they usually have different coverages when annotating a collection of proteins such as proteome [19]. Thus, as InterPro [11, 12] and PIR [20], integrated annotation platform best consists of a collection of motif or domain databases and their respective analysis methods. Complementary to existing resources, here we developed an online proteome annotation system with wider collection of available algorithms and coverage of integrated domain or motif databases.
Construction and Content
Materials and Methods
• Proteomes: SWISS-PROT/TrEMBL non-redundant complete proteome sets of A. thaliana, C. elegans, D. melanogaster, S. cerevisiae, and S. pombe were downloaded from EBI on Apr 25th, 2003; human IPI 2.18, mouse IPI 1.11, rat IPI 1.1 from EBI. Zebrafish from NCBIrefseq. Fugu and Ciona inestinalis from JGI
• Domain or Motif Databases/Algorithms:InterPro database version 6.2 is downloaded from EBI; CDD database version 1.62 is from NCBI; Blast Package 2.2.6 downloaded from NCBI; Superfamily 1.61 PSSMs downloaded from MRC-LMB; Printscan 3.595 and PRINTS 35.0 downloaded from UMBER; Prosite database 17.26 and search tool pfscan 1.5 downloaded from Expasy; Profile HMMER 2.3 downloaded from Wustl; SignalP V2.0.b2 from CBS; TMHMM 2.0 was run using CBS web service;
All of the algorithms were run with default parameters. After that, the original results were parsed by Perl scripts. Data were stored in MySQL database.
Apache and PHP were used to set up the web server and write the web pages. The graphical display in PCAS was realized by calling GD graphics library.
Annotation Pipeline
PCAS, ProteinCentric Annotation System, includes most of the motif or domain databases and analysis methods mentioned above. Moreover, we included SCOP [21] based SUPERFAMILY [22] classification and COG [23] classification. SUPERFAMILY analysis offers structure based protein annotation; COG, short for Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins, is a system delineated by comparing protein sequences encoded in over forty complete genomes that represent 30 major phylogenetic lineages. Assigning proteins to COGs could provide not only valuable evolutional inference but also functional information derived from evolutional analysis. We also included SignalP [24] and TMHMM [25] to perform a priori prediction of leader peptide and TM regions, which is indicative of proper function of a protein.
Following are algorithms, motif or domain databases and application software in current PCAS:
RPS-BLAST V2.2.6 of CDD 1.62 PSSMs: COG, Pfam, Smart, LOAD and NCBI curated CD
pfscan V1.5 of PROSITE 17.26 patterns and profiles.
PSI-BLAST V2.2.6 of SCOP based SUPERFAMILY 1.61 PSSMs
FingerPRINTScan V3.595 of PRINTS 35.0 fingerprints.
SignalP V2.0.b2 for signal peptide prediction.
TMHMM 2.0 for TM prediction.
Cross-reference Motif or Domain Database
We used InterPro system as the basis for data integration, which consists of most available motif or domain databases. Certain subsets in CDD and InterPro are overlapping. Therefore, through CDD, we can also map COG and SUPERFAMILY to InterPro.
Mapping COGs to InterPro
According to the embedded relations between different CDD subsets, we can map COGs to Pfam and Smart then to InterPro. For example, in CDD database, COG0004 is related to Pfam00909, which is a signature of IPR001905; COG0004 is then mapped to IPR001905. Among the 4873 COG PSSMs in current CDD release 1.62, 2285 COGs were related to Pfam or SMART, and were mapped to InterPro database. Some of the unmapped COGs may be associated with more than one InterPro entry, and the rest simply are not included in current InterPro 6.1 yet.
Mapping SUPERFAMILY to InterPro
There are 7550 HMMs representing 1109 superfamilies. We first map those HMMs to CDDs by performing hmmpfam search against CDD's representative sequences, then using the embedded CDD and InterPro cross references, map those SUPERFAMILY HMMs to InterPro entries and further map SUPERFAMILY to InterPro. Detailed mapping strategy is described as following:
Step1, apply E value cutoff at 0.01.
202 SUPERFAMILY HMMs that have no hits and 464 HMMs that only have hits with E value greater than 0.01 were thrown out.
Step2: filter out those with CDD and InterPro link broken
90 HMMs are filtered out since their CDD hits have no corresponding InterPro entries.
The remaining 6994 (7550-202-464-90) HMMs were divided into 3548 1:1 relations (one SUPERFAMILY model corresponds to one InterPro entry) and 3446 1:N relations (one SUPERFAMILY model corresponds to more than one InterPro entries).
Step3: apply coverage filters
For 1:1 relations, we applied following coverage filters:
0.5 <= sf_length / cdd_length <= 2;
(The length ratio of SUPERFAMILY HMM and CDD representative sequence)
sf_coverage >= 0.75;
(The length coverage of the aligned query SUPERFAMILY HMM over the full length of the query SUPERFAMILY HMM.)
cdd_coverage >= 0.75.
(The length coverage of the aligned CDD representative sequence over the full length of the CDD representative sequence)
Total 561 out of 3446 1:1 relations were initially filtered out. By matching descriptions in SUPERFAMILY and InterPro, we further retained 4 mappings.
For 1:N relations, the coverage filters are a bit more stringent that above:
0.8 <=sf_length/cdd_length < = 1.25
sf_coverage > = 0.75
cdd_coverage > = 0.75
1957
1:N relations were filtered out. By matching descriptions in SUPERFAMILY and InterPro, we further retained 22 mappings. At this point, all the mappings are 1:1 relations.
In summary, 4502 (26+1489+2987) out of 7550 SUPERFAMILY HMMs are mapped to InterPro entries, and they are all 1:1 mappings. In terms of 1109 superfamilies, 551 have only one InterPro entry; the rest are mapped to zero or multiple InterPro entries, with 66 as the maximum (P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases in SUPERFAMILY). For those with multiple InterPro entries, we treated them as unmapped, since those InterPro entries most likely represent certain subfamilies and it is scientifically inaccurate to use subfamily's definition to describe superfamily.
We would like to point out that the purpose of mapping SUPERFAMILY to InterPro here is to find out the best possible InterPro description for a particular SUPERFAMILY member. Therefore, we took relatively stringent mapping conditions described above. This enables PCAS to steer clear from the possible complication caused by multi-domain protein families or by superfamily, subfamily relationships.
Utility and Discussion
PCAS Query and Display
The query of PCAS for pre-computed proteome annotation data is initiated with a protein identifier, for example, the SPTR or IPI protein ID or AC. One can also query PCAS through key word text search or blast with protein amino acid sequence. When blast is used, lists of blast hits in the target proteomes will be returned if exist, which are linked to the pre-computed annotation information. One needs to infer the annotation of the query protein from the blast hits. However, this annotation transfer should not happen if the query protein is not similar enough to the blast hits [26, 27]. The query is customized so users can specify the statistical cut off (not shown); users can even directly specify the number of hits to be displayed (5 is the default). Query customization in PCAS allows query for statistically less confident borderline annotation data which may be indicative of novel functions.
Figure 1 shows the PCAS query display, which is organized as following. General header is the header information of the protein in the proteome. It comes from the public annotation effort when the proteome is released.
Figure 1
PCAS Display Page. PCAS display of Arabidopsis protein Q9LV11 precomputed annotation data. Query parameters: SUPERFAMILY 1.61 PSI-BLAST E-Value < = 10; Pfam 8.0 hmmpfam E-Value < = 10; CDD 1.62 RPS-BLAST E-Value < = 10, identity > = 0; PRINTS 35.0 FingerPrintscan E-value <= 10; PROSITE pfscan skipping frequently matched patterns; Top hit number < = 5.
After the header information, there is the overview of the computational results, which consists of table summaries of pre-computed annotation data. The first table summary is the pre-computed data from motif or domain based algorithms and sorted based on statistical significance. In this table format, InterPro based data integration is expressed by coloring. Hits mapped to the same IPR name (InterPro ID) will be displayed in the same color. In another word, the same motif or domain hit by the query protein using different algorithms is displayed with the same color. Currently the color-coding is limited to the top five different protein motifs or domains for simplicity. This color-coding schema is implemented throughout this display page including the InterPro description table and the graphic display section. The second table summary is InterPro description table, which displays the non-redundant InterPro descriptions for the entire motif or domain hits by the query protein displayed in the first table. If a motif or domain is not mapped to InterPro, one can click on the motif link to get its functional description.
The SignalP [24] and TMHMM [25] results are displayed in the third summary table. SignalP predicts if there is a leader peptide, which is the hallmark for secreted proteins and some TM proteins. TMHMM predicts the TM proteins.
PCAS also displays graphically the alignment of each domain or motif relative to the query protein. If exist, leader peptide or TM domains are also indicated.
A link to the annotation data in text format is also provided in the display page (top of Figure 1) so the user can save it for further analysis.
Annotation Coverage
As expected, combination of many computational algorithms increased proteome annotation coverage. As shown in Table 1, for Arabidopsis, the overall motif or domain-based annotation coverage in PCAS is about 80%. Not surprisingly, HMMER and RPS have most coverage because of their sensitivity and the larger collection of motif or domains in Pfam/SMART/TIGRFAM and CDD databases. SUPERFAMILY and PRINTS have less coverage. pfscan often produces too many hits. When stringent conditions applied, such as skipping frequently matched patterns and PROSITE entries associated with false SWISSPROT hits [8], pfscan also has low coverage (see table 1). For signal peptide and TM prediction, out of 26032 proteins, SignalP, which consists of SignalP-NN and SignalP-HMM [24], predicts in total 7371 proteins with leader peptide (6932 by SignalP-NN, 4249 by SignalP-HMM; 3810 is the overlap); TMHMM [25] predicts 5971 proteins with TM. For human IPI, PCAS annotation coverage is just over 70%.
Table 1
PCAS Annotation Coverage Five motif or domain based algorithms (see text for respective motif or domain databases) were employed in PCAS to annotate proteomes. The annotation coverage by individual algorithms is listed. 1pfscan does not score hits; we skipped frequently matching patterns as well as patterns associated with false SWISSPROT hits [8].
Algorithms
HMMER
RPS-BLAST
FingerPRINTScan
PSI-BLAST
Pfscan1
Parameter Setting
Evalue: 0.05
Evalue: 0.01
Evalue: 0.01
Evalue: 0.01
Arabidopsis (26032):
Hit number
18491
19499
5621
12950
7090
Annotation coverage
71.0%
74.9%
21.6%
49.7%
27.2%
Total
Hits: 20739
Coverage: 79.7%
Human IPI (47306):
Hit number
29601
31156
13949
20887
15607
Annotation coverage
62.6%
65.9%
29.5%
44.2%
33.0%
Total
Hits: 33407
Coverage: 70.6%
Mouse IPI (35874):
Hit number
25532
26575
12686
17627
14145
Annotation coverage
71.1%
74.0%
35.3%
49.1%
39.4%
Total
Hits: 28268
Coverage: 78.7%
Rat IPI (28314):
Hit number
20673
21350
10190
14898
11014
Annotation coverage
73.0%
75.4%
35.9%
52.6%
38.8%
Total
Hits: 22678
Coverage: 80.1%
Fly (16807):
Hit number
11887
12412
4912
8062
5205
Annotation coverage
70.7%
73.8%
29.2%
47.9%
30.9%
Total
Hits: 13332
Coverage: 79.3%
Worm (21845):
Hit number
14593
14667
4747
8387
5581
Annotation coverage
66.8%
67.1%
21.7%
38.3%
25.5%
Total
Hits: 16274
Coverage: 74.4%
S. cerevisiae (6171):
Hit number
4133
4289
1062
2695
1671
Annotation coverage
66.9%
69.5%
17.2%
43.6%
27.0%
Total
Hits: 4517
Coverage: 73.1%
S. Pombe (5008):
Hit number
3714
3854
962
2534
1462
Annotation coverage
74.1%
76.9%
19.2%
50.5%
29.1%
Total
Hits: 4018
Coverage: 80.2%
Besides Human IPI and A. thaliana proteome, Mouse IPI, Rat IPI, C. elegans, D. melanogaster, S. cerevisiae, and S. pombe proteomes are also included in PCAS. Zebrafish, Fugu and C. inestinalis are being annotated.
We plan to update PCAS at least twice a year limited by the computing resources. We will upgrade PCAS by including new proteome annotation algorithms identified.
Conclusions
Complementary with the existed proteome annotation efforts, we employed most of the advanced motif and domain based algorithms, to annotate model proteomes. We developed a database and interface system to store and present (query and display) the pre-computed annotation data. We termed this system PCAS (ProteinCentric Annotation System). Comparing with InterPro's daughter profile databases and their respective search methods in InterProScan, in PCAS, we also included PSI-BLAST search of protein fold based Superfamily, RPS-BLAST search of NCBI CDD PSSMs, which contains the COGs database and NCBI curated CD database. We employed the internal relations between CDD to map COGs with InterPro, and a semi-automatic pipeline to map Superfamily with InterPro. This enabled us to integrate most of the motif or domain based annotation data in PCAS through InterPro system, and to get rid of the presentation of redundant data from different algorithms. Excluding signal peptide and TM prediction and with this current collection of motif or domain based algorithms, we achieved better annotation coverage by PCAS. Taking human IPI2.18 proteome set as an example, PCAS gave annotation coverage of 70% (Table 1) comparing with InterPro at 62% (result came from parsing IPI2.18). PCAS, as most of the computational annotation effort, can thus be used as a discovery platform. We are applying PCAS for novel protein function or novel protein family member discoveries (data not shown).
Hidden Markov Model. TM: transmembrane region or domain. IPI: International Protein Index. PSSM: Positional Specific Scoring Matrix. CDD: Conserved Domain Database
Declarations
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Anders Krogh for kindly providing TMHMM, Beijing Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Computing Center of Peking University for computing support. The authors also would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. This project is supported by Chinese National "863" Program (Grant No. 2001AA231011).
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
College of Life Sciences, National Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Protein Engineering, Center of Bioinformatics, Peking University
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