Skip to content

Advertisement

BMC Genomics

  • Research article
  • Open Access

Combining mouse mammary gland gene expression and comparative mapping for the identification of candidate genes for QTL of milk production traits in cattle

  • 1Email author,
  • 1,
  • 1,
  • 1,
  • 2,
  • 1 and
  • 3
BMC Genomics20078:183

https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-8-183

©  Ron et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007

Received: 20 September 2006

Accepted: 20 June 2007

Published: 20 June 2007

Abstract

Background

Many studies have found segregating quantitative trait loci (QTL) for milk production traits in different dairy cattle populations. However, even for relatively large effects with a saturated marker map the confidence interval for QTL location by linkage analysis spans tens of map units, or hundreds of genes. Combining mapping and arraying has been suggested as an approach to identify candidate genes. Thus, gene expression analysis in the mammary gland of genes positioned in the confidence interval of the QTL can bridge the gap between fine mapping and quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN) determination.

Results

We hybridized Affymetrix microarray (MG-U74v2), containing 12,488 murine probes, with RNA derived from mammary gland of virgin, pregnant, lactating and involuting C57BL/6J mice in a total of nine biological replicates. We combined microarray data from two additional studies that used the same design in mice with a total of 75 biological replicates. The same filtering and normalization was applied to each microarray data using GeneSpring software. Analysis of variance identified 249 differentially expressed probe sets common to the three experiments along the four developmental stages of puberty, pregnancy, lactation and involution. 212 genes were assigned to their bovine map positions through comparative mapping, and thus form a list of candidate genes for previously identified QTLs for milk production traits. A total of 82 of the genes showed mammary gland-specific expression with at least 3-fold expression over the median representing all tissues tested in GeneAtlas.

Conclusion

This work presents a web tool for candidate genes for QTL (cgQTL) that allows navigation between the map of bovine milk production QTL, potential candidate genes and their level of expression in mammary gland arrays and in GeneAtlas. Three out of four confirmed genes that affect QTL in livestock (ABCG2, DGAT1, GDF8, IGF2) were over expressed in the target organ. Thus, cgQTL can be used to determine priority of candidate genes for QTN analysis based on differential expression in the target organ.

Keywords

  • Quantitative Trait Locus
  • Mammary Gland
  • Quantitative Trait Locus Location
  • Milk Production Trait
  • Bovine Mammary Gland

Background

Many studies have found segregating quantitative trait loci (QTL) for milk production traits in different dairy cattle populations [reviewed by Khatkar et al., [1] and Polineni et al., [2]; [3]]. However, even for relatively large effects with a saturated marker map, the confidence interval (CI) for QTL location by linkage analysis spans tens of map units, or hundreds of genes. Many studies have shown that CI for QTL can be further reduced by application of linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping [e.g. [4]]. This requires genotyping additional polymorphisms within the CI, generally single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Although any marker within the CI can be used for LD mapping, it is reasonable to start with polymorphisms embedded within genes that are likely candidates for the QTL [5].

Genes within the confidence interval that have some physiological relevance to the trait will be considered primary candidates for the QTL. For example, Grisart et al. [6] concluded that the gene DGAT1, which is involved in triglyceride synthesis, is the causative gene for the QTL affecting milk fat on BTA14. Wayne and McIntyre [7] have suggested combining mapping and arraying as an approach to identify candidate genes. Thus, gene expression analysis can bridge the gap between fine mapping and quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN) determination by revealing regulatory variation in genes for complex traits [8–10]. Specific tissue of origin of expressed sequence tags (EST), tissue-specific, and tissue-selective gene expression may also indicate a potential role of genes in regulation of QTL [9, 11]. Microarrays have been used to measure relative expression, and thus identify candidate genes responsible for QTL [12, 13]. Additional criteria may be proposed to select QTL candidate genes as follows:

1. Genes are preferentially expressed in organs related to the quantitative trait, i.e. the mammary gland for milk production traits.

2. Genes are preferentially expressed in developmental stages related to the phenotype, i.e. at the onset of lactation for milk production traits.

Su et al. [11] measured the mouse and human protein-encoding transcriptomes, and used them to profile a panel of human and mouse tissues in gene atlas, therby providing a resource to address tissue-specific expression. The USDA has announced a project to construct a bovine gene atlas using gene expression analysis data derived from 100 tissues of the cow genome.

Although a cDNA microarray resource enhanced for bovine mammary gland has been developed [14], and a bovine oligonucleotide DNA microarray was used to identify estrogen-responsive genes in the bovine mammary gland [15], there is no information available on bovine mammary gland gene expression at different stages of development. However, detailed studies examining gene expression in the mammary gland during, puberty, pregnancy, lactation, and involution have been carried out in the mouse [16–18]. In these studies the same microarray platform (Affymetrix MG-U74Av2) was used in similar mouse inbred lines resulting in a high level of replication, and consequently in one of the best data resources on mammary tissues gene expression relevant to milk production traits. In addition, the high conservation of gene order in mammals enables comparative mapping to be a useful approach linking clusters of genes with similar function between mouse and cattle [19]. We have utilized murine mammary gland gene expression in combination with bovine QTL mapping data to create a web tool (cgQTL) that compiles all the available information to aid in the identification of candidate genes for QTL of milk production traits in dairy cattle.

Results

Analysis of gene expression from three experiments

A total of 278 probe sets with significant differential expression across the four stages in the current study were obtained using ANOVA. The Venn diagram in figure 1 shows that two other microarray experiments [16, 18] using the same statistical analysis found thousands of significant probe sets (Table 1). Observed and expected frequencies for probe sets discovery in the three experiments alone and in the two experiments of Clarkson and Stein are given in Table 2. The Chi-squared value for joint discovery of probe sets in Clarkson and Stein experiments was 2834. Of the 278 significant probe sets in the current study, 249 (90%) were common to all three experiments. The expected value was only 77 and the Chi-squared value was 3240.
Table 1

Experimental design of the three microarray experiments

Experiment1

Mouse line

Stage

N. of time points within a stage

N. of arrays

C

C57/Bl

Puberty

1

2

  

Pregnancy

3

6

  

Lactation

3

6

  

Involution

5

10

  

Total

12

24

R

C57BL/6J

Puberty

1

3

  

Pregnancy

1

2

  

Lactation

1

2

  

Involution

1

2

  

Total

4

9

S

Balb/C

Puberty

2

6

  

Pregnancy

7

4

  

Lactation

3

9

  

Involution

5

15

  

Total

17

34

1C = Clarkson et al. (16); R = Ron et al. (17); S = Stein et al. (18)

Table 2

Observed and expected frequencies of significant genes for two and three microarray experiments.

Experiments compared1

Significance1

Observed

Expected

Chi-squared2

C & S

C & S

4964

3483

2834

 

C only

1407

2888

 
 

S only

1864

3345

 
 

Neither

4253

2772

 

C & S & R

C & S & R

249

77

3240

 

C & S

4964

3483

 
 

C & R

11

64

 
 

S & R

14

74

 
 

C only

1407

2888

 
 

S only

1864

3345

 
 

R only

4

62

 
 

None

4249

2710

 

1C = Clarkson et al. (16); R = Ron et al. (17); S = Stein et al. (18)

2Highly significant by any criterion

Figure 1
Figure 1

Venn diagram of the three microarray experiments.

The 249 probe sets were assigned to 212 bovine genes. Three clones containing repeats, 21 unknown probe sets and 13 redundant probes were excluded. The expression profile of the 212 genes is presented in Figure 2. The distribution of genes by functional categories is presented in Figure 3. The majority of genes were assigned to metabolism, immune cascade, transport, regulation of transcription and signal transduction functional categories.
Figure 2
Figure 2

212 significant differentially expressed genes.

Figure 3
Figure 3

Distribution of significant genes by functional categories.

The explained variance of expression of the 212 genes varied from 51 to 62 % using 5 to 15 K means clustering. Six K-means classifications were determined as the optimal number of clusters based on highest explained variance and minimum redundancy between similar clusters. The clustering explained 53% of the variance of expression. Each one of the six clusters was designated with its unique expression profile signature across stages (puberty, pregnancy, lactation, involution) and is presented in Figure 4. There were 87 over expressed genes at lactation only (1,1,2,1), and 72 additional over expressed genes at lactation with differential expression in other stages (1,2,2,1 and 0,1,2,1). Among the typical genes of lactation stage are the milk protein and biogenesis genes (Table 3). Fifteen genes were upregulated at involution only (1,1,1,2) such as CXCL14 and SLPI, involved in chemotaxsis and immune response processes (20, 21). Thirty-two genes were upregulated at pregnancy only (1,2,1,1). For example, CRABP2 and CSRP1, which are involved in development and cellular differentiation [22, 23] are included in this group. The smallest group of six genes including myosin (MYL1) were upregulated at puberty, and downregulated at lactation (2,1,0,1). Of the 212 significant genes, 82 (39%) showed mammary gland-specific expression (Figure 5). Of these, 73 genes were upregulated at the onset of lactation, and the remaining genes were up regulated at pregnancy (7 genes) and at involution (2 genes).
Table 3

K-means clustering of gene expression profiles along four developmental stages (Puberty, Pregnancy, Lactation, Involution)

Set

N. of genes

Expression profile

Expression pattern1

Representative genes

1

87

1,1,2,1

CSNd, PTHLH, B4GALT1

2

15

1,1,1,2

CTSS, LEP, MGP, HPDG, SLP1

3

35

1,2,2,1

CD24, FABP3, UCK2, CD320

4

37

0,1,2,1

CSNk, CSNd, LTF, LALBA, BTN1A1, XDH, MFGE8

5

32

1,2,1,1

STMN1, CRABP2, RELN, PHLDA1, CSRP1

6

6

2,1,0,1

INF4, Cox8b, ENO3, MYL1, ATP1A2,CASQ1

1Mean expression pattern of a cluster of genes

Figure 4
Figure 4

K-means clustering with expression profile signatures.

Figure 5
Figure 5

cgQTL data base.

Comparative mapping

The ongoing effort for annotation of the bovine genes on the draft sequence allows identification of many bovine orthologs of the murine genes represented by the probe sets of MG-U74Av2. However, for many genes the chromosomal location is still unknown. Larkin et al. [24] reported about 90% accuracy in prediction of cattle chromosome locations based on the human genome. Thus we used the human sequence of orthologous genes to predict the location of bovine genes with unknown chromosomal location.

cgQTL data base

The structure of the cgQTL navigator is presented in Figure 5. The navigator presents an HTML list of candidate genes by bovine autosomes for QTL for milk production traits. Genes with mammary gland-specific expression are denoted with one to three stars indicating their level of specificity. QTL for milk production traits were found in all bovine autosomes and are referred through two dedicated data bases, QTL viewer and QTL map. In the latter, QTL are denoted with one to three stars in relation to the number of literature references where the QTL was reported. Candidate genes for QTL were found in all but two autosomes. Number of candidate genes for QTL per chromosome ranged from 1 to 17. As a demonstration, a co-localization of eight candidate genes with the QTL region for milk production traits on BAT6 is presented in Figure 6. The gene ABCG2 which was determined as the causative gene for this QTL appears on the list. The expression profile of this gene at pregnancy and lactation was in accordance to that in cattle [8].
Figure 6
Figure 6

Co-localization of QTL map of BTA6 and candidate genes.

Discussion

Three data sets with Affymetrix MG-U74Av2 mammary gland arrays were compared along four developmental stages at puberty, pregnancy, lactation and involution. The additional data set of Rudolph et al. [25] consisted of the same developmental stages excluding puberty, and thus was not analyzed in this study. The mammary gland at the four selected developmental stages consists of different cell populations and processes, and therefore, most of the genes will show differential expression if sufficient number of replicates are included in the analysis. Two microarray experiments [16, 18] used 75 animal replicates, while the current study [17] used nine animal replicates. The same filtering, normalization, and analysis of variance was applied on data of the three experiments. The first two studies found thousands of significant genes, as compared to hundreds in the current study. This is apparently due to the major difference in the number of replicates. Among the mammary gland-specific probe sets only four have unknown function (100949_at, 160549_at, 103343_at, 93479_at). Analysis of these genes may reveal their important role in the mammary gland.

Based on comparative mapping nearly all of the differentially expressed genes were mapped to their bovine chromosomal positions. The rate of chromosomal breakage during mammalian evolution is doubled in the rodent lineage compared to the cattle lineage [26]. Therefore we based the prediction of cattle chromosome locations on the human genome and the detailed cattle-human comparative maps [27]. The genes were encoded for expression (0, 1, 2) in each of the four developmental stages, and were clustered to six expression profiles, out of the 81 possible profile combinations (34 = 81). These clusters correspond to genes showing upregulation uniquely at pregnancy or lactation or involution, and differential expression at combinations of stages involving puberty, pregnancy, and lactation. Rudolph et al. (25) presented a thorough study of expression profiling of secretory activation of 1358 genes using 72 clusters, and Clarkson et al. [16] analyzed the expression profiling of 6796 genes using 35 clusters.

Our cgQTL web tool [28] allows for navigation between the map of bovine milk production QTL, the overlaid candidate genes and the visual presentation of their expression in the mammary gland array and in GeneAtlas. Genes that are mammary gland-specific are indicated. To truly infer that a differentially expressed gene, which is located in a QTL, is a candidate gene for a trait being studied, information on the cis- or trans-regulation of the gene needs to be presented [29]. However, such data is not available for Bos taurus. Therefore, our cgQTL tool was developed to provide the best current compilation of information to identify candidate genes for milk production in cattle, and will continue improving as we add more sources of information.

Figure 6 shows the co-localization of candidate genes with QTL on BTA6 affecting milk production traits. ABCG2 is listed as one of eight candidate genes. Of the two identified genes that have been proven to affect milk production traits in dairy cattle, ABCG2 and DGAT1 on BTA 6 and 14, respectively [6, 8], only the former gene was upregulated in the mammary gland at the onset of lactation. Both genes that have been proven to affect muscularity in sheep and pigs, myostatin (GDF8) and IGF2, showed differential expression in muscle [30, 31]. Thus, three out of four confirmed genes that affect QTL in livestock were over expressed in the target organ. Therefore, cgQTL can be used to determine priority of candidate genes for QTN analysis based on differential expression in the target organ. Nevertheless, the MG-U74Av2 array has a limited set of probes representing less than one-half of the mouse genome. Thus, future studies with arrays covering the entire repertoire of mouse genes will be needed to update the current web tool [32].

The argument could be made against the feasibility of using mouse data to make inferences to bovine mammary gland gene expression. However, our objective in this work was to create a tool (cgQTL) that utilizes the best available sources of information, such as mouse gene expression data during mammary development and bovine QTL mapping data to develop hypotheses on potential candidate genes underlying QTL. This is a comparative approach to integrate information in the difficult task of identifying candidate genes. We envision that in the future the mouse gene expression data used in cgQTL will be complemented with bovine gene expression data from experiments using cDNA microarrays [14], bovine oligonucleotide arrays (24,000 probes; [33]) and with the Affymetrix GeneChip® arrays (23,000 transcripts). cgQTL navigator will also be linked to the bovine GeneAtlas which will be developed using gene expression analysis derived from 100 bovine tissues. Likewise, cgQTL may be expanded for QTL of reproduction [34, 35]. Various resources for the study of ovarian transcriptome may be integrated into cgQTL to predict candidate genes for QTL related to reproductive traits [12, 36–39].

Conclusion

Here we present a web tool for candidate genes for QTL (cgQTL) that allows navigation between the map of bovine milk production QTL, the overlaid candidate genes and the visual presentation of their expression in the mammary gland array and in GeneAtlas. Three out of four confirmed genes that affect QTL in livestock were over expressed in the target organ. Thus, cgQTL can be used to determine priority of candidate genes for QTN analysis based on differential expression in the target organ.

Methods

Mouse mammary tissue

Mammary gland no. 4 (inguinal) fat pads were harvested from three C57 female mice at puberty (6 wks), two females at pregnancy (14 d), two females at lactation (10 d) and two females at postlactational involution (4 d). The tissue was placed in RNAlater (Ambion Inc.) and kept at -80°C. RNA was isolated using Trizol (GibcoBRL). Conception date was designated as the day a vaginal plug was observed. Pregnancy at 14 d was confirmed by assessment of developmental stage of embryos at autopsy [40]. The characteristic feature of 14 d embryos is that the individual fingers are separated in the forefoot plate, but not in the hindfoot plate.

Experimental design and microarray

The design of three microarray experiments with number of animal replicates for each developmental stage is presented in Table 1. Fragmented cRNA was prepared (15 Mg) and hybridized overnight to murine MG-U74Av2 (12,488 probes) Affymetrix GeneChip arrays according to the manufacturer's protocols (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Arrays were processed at the University of California Davis School of Medicine Microarray Core Facility. The complete dataset is publicly available [41].

Filtering and normalization

The data was incorporated into GeneSpring 6.2 (Silicon Genetics, CA). Transcripts were removed if mean signal intensities were not above 20 signal units in at least one out of the four stages. Per chip and per gene normalizations have been applied following Affymetrix' guidelines.

Public mouse mammary gland arrays

Microarray experiments with mouse mammary gland and the same Affymetrix Genechip array MG-U74Av2 are available at public data bases [9, 36]. RNA was extracted from mammary gland of 51 C57 black and 24 Balb/C females, respectively. The tissues were from mammary gland at four developmental stages as define above (Table 1). Samples from early, mid and late stage were combined. Filtering and normalization using GeneSpring software were applied as above.

Analysis of variance

Analysis of variance was applied to each of the three experiments, separately, using the parametric test with all available error estimates in GeneSpring, and FDR of 0.05 [42].

Venn diagram

The Venn diagram in GeneSpring was applied to the three lists of significant genes resulting from ANOVA for the different experiments.

Clustering and coding of expression profiles

The expression data from the current study for 212 significant genes were subjected to a range of 5 to 15 K-means classifications using Pearson correlations [43]. The optimal number of clusters was determined empirically based on highest explained variance and minimum redundancy between similar clusters. We adopted the procedure of Rudolph et al. [25] to code the mean expression of a cluster at each stage as flat, decrease, and increase and converted it to numerical representation as follows: "1" indicates no change between 0.5 and 2.0 fold change, and "0" and "2" indicate fold change ≤ 0.5 and ≥ 2 for down and up regulation, respectively. Thus a unique array of four digits represents the expression profile of each cluster along the developmental stages of puberty, pregnancy, lactation and involution.

Mammary gland-specific expression

Mammary gland-specific expression of a gene was denoted by a single star in the navigator if expression was between 3 to 10 fold from median representing all tissues tested in GeneAtlas [44]. Two stars for the range of 10 to 30 fold, and three stars for > 30 fold expression.

Functional category analysis

Genes were assigned to 17 different categories according to Gene Ontology Consortium (GO) [45]. In the case of insufficient GO information, the conserved domain of the protein, GO information on orthologous genes and data from published literature were used to classify the gene into a functional category.

Comparative mapping

To associate the probe sets (targets) of MG-U74Av2 with genes, sequences of the mouse targets were masked for repetitive elements [46] and Blast searched against mouse Reference Sequences (RefSeqs). The target was considered unknown if the Blast search resulted in no significant similarity. To identify bovine genes orthologous to these targets and to predict their map locations in Bos taurus, the mouse RefSeqs were Blast searched against human genome build (nr database) and the associated human RefSeqs were used to Blast search the cow genome. When such search indicated a bovine gene with unknown mapping data, the human genes adjacent to the gene in the query, were similarly searched in the cow genome in order to infer the bovine location based on synteny. In the body of text, data base and figures, gene/transcripts are named according to the Mouse Genome Database [47].

Position of genes on genetic and physical maps

To relatively locate genes to the critical interval of the QTL for milk production traits, the alignment of the physical and the genetic maps was used [48].

Archived data

The complete dataset, including the 9 raw data .cel files fulfilling MIAME criteria are publicly available [41].

Statistical analysis

Expected frequencies for eight and four combinations of significance under the assumption of random assortment of probe sets among the three and two experiments, respectively were computed based on the total number of 12,488 transcripts, and the number of transcripts with statistical significance in each of the three and two experiments. Significance of the deviation from random assortment was tested by Chi-squared. The chi-squared values were computed for the results of each experiment separately. In this case the chi-squared test has only a single degree of freedom.

cgQTL data base

We present a web tool for candidate genes for QTL, cgQTL [28] that allows navigation between the map of bovine milk production QTL, the overlaid candidate genes common to the three experiments, and the visual presentation of their expression in the mammary gland array and in GeneAtlas. The data base allows searches for specific genes. For each gene links are available for expression in the mammary gland array along four stages, expression in a variety of tissues of GeneAtlas, mammary gland-specific expression, expression profile signature, NCBI identifiers for human and cow, QTL viewer and QTL map. The expression profile signature is indicated for all genes classified to the same cluster.

Declarations

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by grants from the Israel milk marketing board and the European Sixth Research and Technological Development Framework Programme, Proposal No. 016250-2 SABRE and by the University of California Davis Agricultural Experimental Station.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Department of Quantitative and Molecular Genetics, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
(2)
Department of Pathology and M.I.N.D Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, USA
(3)
Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA

References

  1. Khatkar MS, Thomson PC, Tammen I, Raadsma HW: Quantitative trait loci mapping in dairy cattle: review and meta-analysis. Genet Sel Evol. 2004, 36: 163-90. 10.1051/gse:2003057.PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  2. Polineni P, Aragonda P, Xavier SR, Furuta R, Adelson DL: The bovine QTL viewer: a web accessible database of bovine Quantitative Trait Loci. BMC Bioinformatics. 2006, 7: 283-10.1186/1471-2105-7-283.PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  3. Cattle QTL database. [http://www.animalgenome.org/QTLdb/cattle.html]
  4. Meuwissen TH, Goddard ME: Mapping multiple QTL using linkage disequilibrium and linkage analysis information and multitrait data. Genet Sel Evol. 2004, 36: 261-279. 10.1051/gse:2004001.PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  5. Ron M, Weller JI: From QTL to QTN identification in livestock – "Winning by points rather than knock-out". Animal genetics. 2007, a review,Google Scholar
  6. Grisart B, Coppieters W, Farnir F, Karim L, Ford C, Berzi P, Cambisano N, Mni M, Reid S, Simon P, Spelman R, Georges M, Snell R: Positional candidate cloning of a QTL in dairy cattle: identification of a missense mutation in the bovine DGAT1 gene with major effect on milk yield and composition. Genome Res. 2002, 12: 222-231. 10.1101/gr.224202.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  7. Wayne ML, McIntyre M: Combining mapping and arraying: An approach to candidate gene identification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002, 99: 14903-14906. 10.1073/pnas.222549199.PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  8. Cohen-Zinder M, Seroussi E, Larkin DM, Loor JJ, Everts-van der Wind A, Lee JH, Drackley JK, Band MR, Hernandez AG, Shani M, Lewin HA, Weller JI, Ron M: Identification of a missense mutation in the bovine ABCG2 gene with a major effect on the QTL on chromosome 6 affecting milk yield and composition in Holstein cattle. Genome Res. 2005, 15: 936-44. 10.1101/gr.3806705.PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  9. Londin E, Meng H, Gruen J: A transcription map of the 6p22.3 reading disability locus identifying candidate genes. BMC Genomics. 2003, 4: 25-10.1186/1471-2164-4-25.PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  10. Tabakoff B, Bhave SV, Hoffman PL: Selective breeding, quantitative trait locus analysis, and gene arrays identify candidate genes for complex drug-related behaviors. J Neuroscience. 2003, 23 (11): 4491-4498.Google Scholar
  11. Su AI, Cooke MP, Ching KA, Hakak Y, Walker JR, Wiltshire T, Orth AP, Vega RG, Sapinoso LM, Moqrich A, Patapoutian A, Hampton GM, Schultz PG, Hogenesch JB: Large-scale analysis of the human and mouse transcriptomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002, 99: 4465-4470. 10.1073/pnas.012025199.PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  12. Caetano AR, Edeal JB, Burns K, Johnson RK, Tuggle CK, Pomp D: Physical mapping of genes in the porcine ovarian transcriptome. Anim Gene. 2005, 36 (4): 322-330. 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01306.x.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  13. Lemon WJ, Bernert H, Sun H, Wang Y, Yom M: Identification of candidate lung cancer susceptibility genes in mouse using oligonucleotide arrays. J Med Genet. 2002, 39: 644-655. 10.1136/jmg.39.9.644.PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  14. Suchyta SP, Sipkovsky S, Halgren RG, Kruska R, Elftman M, Weber-Nielsen M, Vandehaar MJ, Xiao L, Tempelman RJ, Coussens PM: Bovine mammary gene expression profiling using a cDNA microarray enhanced for mammary-specific transcripts. Physiol Genomics. 2003, 16: 8-18. 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00028.2003.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  15. Li RW, Meyer MJ, Van Tassell CP, Sonstegard TS, Connor EE, Van Amburgh ME, Boisclair YR, Capuco AV: Identification of estrogen-responsive genes in the parenchyma and fat pad of the bovine mammary gland by microarray analysis. Physiol Genomics. 2006, 27 (1): 42-53. 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00032.2006.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  16. Clarkson RW, Wayland MT, Lee J, Freeman T, Watson CJ: Gene expression profiling of mammary gland development reveals putative roles for death receptors and immune mediators in post-lactational regression. Breast Cancer Res. 2004, 6: R92-109. 10.1186/bcr754.PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  17. Ron M, Band M, Shani M, Gregg JP, Lewin HA, Medrano JF: Gene expression patterns in murine mammary development and involution. Plant and Animal Genome XI conference, San Diego, CA, USA. 2003Google Scholar
  18. Stein T, Morris JS, Davies CR, Weber-Hall SJ, Duffy MA, Heath VJ, Bell AK, Ferrier RK, Sandilands GP, Gusterson BA: Involution of the mouse mammary gland is associated with an immune cascade and an acute-phase response, involving LBP, CD14 and STAT3. Breast Cancer Res. 2004, 6: R75-91. 10.1186/bcr753.PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  19. Liu L, Gong G, Liu Y, Natarajan S, Larkin DM, Everts-van der Wind A, Rebeiz M, Beever JE: Multi-species comparative mapping in silico using the COMPASS strategy. Bioinformatics. 2004, 20 (2): 148-154. 10.1093/bioinformatics/bth018.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  20. Fernie-King BA, Seilly DJ, Davies A, Lachmann PJ: Streptococcal inhibitor of complement inhibits two additional components of the mucosal innate immune system: secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor and lysozyme. Infect Immun. 2002, 70: 4908-4916. 10.1128/IAI.70.9.4908-4916.2002.PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  21. Hromas R, Broxmeyer HE, Kim C, Nakshatri H, Christopherson K, Azam M, Hou YH: Cloning of BRAK, a novel divergent CXC chemokine preferentially expressed in normal versus malignant cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999, 255: 703-706. 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0257.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  22. Astrom A, Tavakkol A, Pettersson U, Cromie M, Elder JT, Voorhees JJ: Molecular cloning of two human cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins (CRABP). Retinoic acid-induced expression of CRABP-II but not CRABP-I in adult human skin in vivo and in skin fibroblasts in vitro. J Biol Chem. 1991, 266 (26): 17662-17666.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Dube JY, Chapdelaine P, Trahan PL, Deperthes D, Frenette G, Tremblay RR: Abundant cysteine-rich protein-1 is localized in the stromal compartment of the human prostate. Arch Androl. 1998, 40: 109-15.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  24. Larkin DM, Everts-van der Wind A, Rebeiz M, Schweitzer PA, Bachman S, Green C, Wright CL, Campos EJ, Benson LD, Edwrds J, Liu L, Osoegawa K, Womack JE, de Jong PJ, Lewin HA: A cattle-human comparative map built with cattle BAC-Ends and human genome sequence. Genome Res. 1971, 13 (8): 1966-2003.Google Scholar
  25. Rudolph MC, McManaman JL, Hunter L, Phang T, Neville MC: Functional development of the mammary gland: use of expression profiling and trajectory clustering to reveal changes in gene expression during pregnancy, lactation, and involution. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2003, 8: 287-307. 10.1023/B:JOMG.0000010030.73983.57.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  26. Murphy WJ, Larkin DM, Everts-van der Wind A, Bourque G, Tesler G, Auvil L, Beever JE, Chowdhary BP, Galibert F, Gatzke L, Hitte C, Meyers SN, Milan D, Ostrander EA, Pape G, Parker HG, Raudsepp T, Rogatcheva MB, Schook LB, Skow LC, Welge M, Womack JE, O'brien SJ, Pevzner PA, Lewin HA: Dynamics of mammalian chromosome evolution inferred from multispecies comparative maps. Science. 2005, 309: 613-617. 10.1126/science.1111387.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  27. Everts-van der Wind A, Larkin DM, Green CA, Elliott JS, Olmstead CA, Chiu R, Schein JE, Marra MA, Womack JE, Lewin HA: A high-resolution whole-genome cattle-human comparative map reveals details of mammalian chromosome evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005, 102: 18526-18531. 10.1073/pnas.0509285102.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  28. cgQTL web tool. [http://cowry.agri.huji.ac.il/QTLMAP/qtlmap.htm]
  29. Sladek R, Hudson TJ: Elucidating cis- and trans-regulatory variation using genetical genomics. TRENDS in Genetics. 2006, 22: 245-250. 10.1016/j.tig.2006.03.001.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  30. Clop A, Marcq F, Takeda H, Pirottin D, Tordoir X, Bibe B, Bouix J, Caiment F, Elsen JM, Eychenne F, Larzul C, Laville E, Meish F, Milenkovic D, Tobin J, Charlier C, Georges M: A mutation creating a potential illegitimate microRNA target site in the myostatin gene affects muscularity in sheep. Nat Genet. 2006, 38: 813-818. 10.1038/ng1810.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  31. Van Laere AS, Nguyen M, Braunschweig M, Nezer C, Collete C, Moreau L, Archibald AI, Haley CS, Buys N, Tally M, Andersson G, Georges M, Andersson L: A regulatory mutation in IGF2 causes a major QTL effect on muscle growth in pig. Nature. 2003, 425: 832-836. 10.1038/nature02064.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  32. Verdugo RA, Medrano JF: Comparison of gene coverage of mouse oligonucleotide microarray platforms. BMC Genomics. 2006, 21: 58-10.1186/1471-2164-7-58.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  33. Elsik CG, Antoniou E, Fahrenkrung SC, Reecy JM, Wolfinger Rd, Taylor JF: A bovine whole genome long oligonucleotide expression array [abstract]. 30th Conference of the International Society for Animal Genetics, Porto Seguro, Brazil. 2006, C244-Google Scholar
  34. Arias J, Kirkpatrick B: Mapping of bovine ovulation rate QTL; an analytical approach for three generation pedigrees. Anim Genet. 2004, 35: 7-13. 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.01069.x.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  35. Weller JI, Reikhav S, Golik M, Seroussi E, Ron M: Detection and analysis of a quantitative trait locus affecting fertility in dairy cattle. Proc 8th World Cong Genet Appl Livest Prod. 2006, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, 22: 9-Google Scholar
  36. Fayad T, Levesque V, Sirois J, Silversides DW, Lussier JG: Gene expression profiling of differentially expressed genes in granulosa cells of bovine dominant follicles using suppression subtractive hybridization. Biol Reprod. 2004, 70 (2): 523-533. 10.1095/biolreprod.103.021709.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  37. Hennebold JD: Characterization of the ovarian transcriptome through the use of differential analysis of gene expression methodologies. Hum Reprod Update. 2004, 10: 227-239. 10.1093/humupd/dmh017.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  38. Rajkovic A, Yan M, S C, Klysik M, Matzuk M: Discovery of germ cell-specific transcripts by expressed sequence tag database analysis. Fertil Steril. 2001, 76: 550-554. 10.1016/S0015-0282(01)01966-5.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  39. Sisco B, Hagemann LJ, Shelling AN, Pfeffer PL: Isolation of genes differentially expressed in dominant and subordinate bovine follicles. Endocrinology. 2003, 144: 3904-3913. 10.1210/en.2003-0485.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  40. Theiler K: The House Mouse: Atlas of Embryonic Development. 1989, Springer-Verlag, N.Y, 178-View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  41. Gene Expression Omnibus. accession number GSE5831, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/]
  42. Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y: Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Stat Soc Ser. 1995, 57: 289-300.Google Scholar
  43. Tavazoie S, Hughes JD, Campbell MJ, Cho RJ, Church GM: Systematic determination of genetic network architecture. Nat Gen. 1999, 22 (3): 281-285. 10.1038/10343.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  44. Gene Atlas. [http://symatlas.gnf.org/SymAtlas/]
  45. Ashburner M, Ball CA, Blake JA, Botstein D, Butler H, Cherry JM, Davis AP, Dolinski K, Dwight SS, Eppig JT, Harris MA, Hill DP, Issel-Tarver L, Kasarskis A, Lewis S, Matese JC, Richardson JE, Ringwald M, Rubin GM, Sherlock G: Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. The Gene Ontology Consortium. Nat Genet. 2000, 25: 25-29. 10.1038/75556.PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  46. RepeatMasker. [http://www.repeatmasker.org/cgi-bin/WEBRepeatMasker]
  47. Blake JA, Richardson JE, Bult CJ, Kadin JA, Eppig JT: Mouse Genome Database Group. MGD: the Mouse Genome Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003, 31: 193-195. 10.1093/nar/gkg047.PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  48. NCBI map viewer. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/map_search.cgi?taxid=9913]

Copyright

© Ron et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Advertisement

BMC Genomics

ISSN: 1471-2164

Contact us