Fig. 1

Disease symptoms caused by grapevine trunk pathogens. Images showing the variety of disease symptoms associated with the different ascomycete and basidiomycete pathogens studied in this work. Wood cankers or discoloration reflect the actual fungal infection (a, e, f); this is the localized section of wood where the trunk pathogen resides. The foliar and canopy symptoms that develop distal to the wood canker are due to fungal degradation of the wood (a, e, f) (and subsequent disruption of the flow of water and nutrients) and/or translocation of fungal toxins to the shoots (b, d). Detailed descriptions of the symptoms are provided in Table 1. (a) Cross-section of a diseased vine with an extensive wood canker (asterisk) that spans most of the cordon. (b) Typical foliar symptoms due to E. lata infections. (c) Berry spotting (measles) associated with Esca. (d) Typical Foliar symptoms of Esca in a red variety (V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon). (e) Black streaking (arrows) caused by wood colonization of Esca pathogens. (f) Discoloration of the wood caused by white-rot fungi