Fig. 3

Comprehensive proteome profile analysis of sperm, seminal plasma (SP), and seminal plasma exosomes (SPEs). A Comparison of protein expression profiles of sperm, SP, and SPEs in buffalo. B Overlapping of exosome proteins compared with extracellular vesicle database Vesiclepedia Topl00 and exosomes database ExoCatar Topl00. C Pathway comparison of proteins identified from sperm, SP, and SPEs. D SPEs proteins associated with sperm capacitation, spermatid differentiation, membrane fusion, acrosome reaction, sperm-egg recognition, and fertilization. E Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of SPEs. The map size of the node indicates the value of node betweenness, larger nodes are more important in PPI network stability. The shade of the color indicates the degree of the node, red indicates higher than average, green indicates below average. The darker the color, the more proteins it interacts with. The higher gray value of edge means higher score of protein-protein interaction. The network details can be obtained from the original image (Additional file 1: Fig. S3)