Skip to main content
Download PDF

Volume 16 Supplement 1

Selected articles from the 2nd International Genomic Medicine Conference (IGMC 2013): Genomics

Comparison of microarray expression profiles between follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas and follicular adenomas of the thyroid

BMC Genomics volume 16, Article number: S7 (2015) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) and follicular adenoma (FA) are histologically closely related tumors and differential diagnosis remains challenging. RNA expression profiling is an established method to unravel molecular mechanisms underlying the histopathology of diseases.

Methods

BRAF mutational status was established by direct sequencing the hotspot region of exon 15 in six FVPTCs and seven FAs. Whole-transcript arrays were employed to generate expression profiles in six FVPTCs, seven FAs and seven normal thyroid tissue samples. The threshold of significance for differential expression on the gene and exon level was a p-value with a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05 and a fold change cutoff > 2. Two dimensional average linkage hierarchical clustering was generated using differentially expressed genes. Network, pathway, and alternative splicing utilities were employed to interpret significance of expression data on the gene and exon level.

Results

Expression profiling in FVPTCs and FAs, all of which were negative for a BRAF mutation, revealed 55 transcripts that were significantly differentially expressed, 40 of which were upregulated and 15 downregulated in FVPTCs vs. FAs. Amongst the most significantly upregulated genes in FVPTCs were GABA B receptor, 2 (GABBR2), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NRCAM), extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1), heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2 (HS6ST2), and retinoid X receptor, gamma (RXRG). The most significantly downregulated genes in FVPTCs included interaction protein for cytohesin exchange factors 1 (IPCEF1), G protein-coupled receptor 155 (GPR155), Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4), chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (CSGALNACT1), and glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1). Alternative splicing analysis detected 87 genes, 52 of which were also included in the list of 55 differentially expressed genes. Network analysis demonstrated multiple interactions for a number of differentially expressed molecules including vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor (VDR), SMAD family member 9 (SMAD9), v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT), and RXRG.

Conclusions

This is one of the first studies using whole-transcript expression arrays to compare expression profiles between FVPTCs and FAs. A set of differentially expressed genes has been identified that contains valuable candidate genes to differentiate both histopathologically related tumor types on the molecular level.

Introduction

Thyroid cancer is one of the most common cancer types in the Gulf region and is considered the second most common cancer in young Saudi women [1]. The majority of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) which represent approximately 80 % of all differentiated thyroid carcinomas are histopathologically classified as conventional PTCs. The follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC) represents the largest subtype and accounts for about 30 % of all PTCs [2]. Minor and rare subtypes include tumors such as Hurthle cell, tall cell, and insular variants of PTCs. FVPTCs can be distinguished on the molecular level from the conventional type by an inverse distribution of mutations affecting key molecules of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAKP) pathway. Whereas BRAF mutations, commonly affecting codon 600 (V600E), are found in about 40 to 70 % of conventional PTCs, only 10 to 20 % of FVPTCs harbor this mutation [3, 4]. In contrast, mutations in the highly related RAS genes, HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS, are identified only sporadically in conventional PTCs but in about 20% of FVPTCs [5]. Whereas a BRAF mutation represents a valuable target for molecular therapy in advanced solid tumors such like PTCs, valuable molecular targets in thyroid carcinomas bearing no BRAF mutation are less known [6]. Furthermore, RAS mutations are not considered as a sole key event of malignant transformation as they are frequently present in benign proliferative lesions of the thyroid such as follicular adenomas (FAs). We have identified RAS mutations in about 25 % of FAs which is consistent with findings of other studies [5, 7]. It has been a subject of discussion as to what extent FAs or subtypes of FAs represent precursor lesions for FVPTCs [8]. Furthermore, it is of clinical relevance to unambiguously distinguish FAs from FVPTCs as FA lesions are cured by partial or (sub)total thyroidectomy whereas a substantial part of FVPTCs may have progressed further at time of first clinical treatment which requires clinical follow-up. Frequency of lymph node metastasis in FVPTC depends on predictive risk factors as multifocality and invasive behavior [9]. Criteria to establish a histopathological diagnosis of FVPTC include cytoplasmic or capsular invasion and nuclei that are ground glassed and/or endowed with abundant grooves [10]. A study using immunohistochemistry identified a panel of markers including HBME-1, CITED1, galectin-3, cytokeratin 19, and S100A4 that were able to distinguish FAs from FVPTCs [8]. Until now, only a few studies compared expression profiles between benign and malignant thyroid lesions [11–15]. All these studies included different types of benign or malignant follicular lesions which limits the comparison of the identified gene sets between the studies. Furthermore, as FVPTCs share histological features with both PTCs and follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs) a standardized diagnosis remains challenging [16, 17]. We employed whole-transcript oligonucleotide microarrays to identify differentially expressed genes which could gain importance as molecular biomarkers that separate both follicular lesions on the molecular level. Normal thyroid specimens were included in expression profiling to serve as reference for normal expression levels. A limited number of samples within the comparison groups, like in our study, have been successfully used in other expression studies to generate differentially expressed gene sets in thyroid cancer [11, 13, 14].

Methods

Thyroid samples

We studied specimens from six FVPTCs, seven FAs, and seven normal thyroid (TN) samples that were derived from patients who were treated surgically in the period between February 2009 and April 2013 at the King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, and the King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center (KFSH&RC), Jeddah. Normal thyroid specimens were derived from unaffected normal thyroid samples. Diagnosis was established by an experienced oncologic pathologist (JM) according to established criteria [18, 19]. DNA extraction of all samples and BRAF mutational screening for the 13 tumor samples was performed as described earlier [3]. This study was approved by the ethical review boards of KAUH (no. 358-10) and KFSH&RC (no. IRB2010-07).

RNA and array processing

Total RNA was extracted from fresh tissue specimens using the Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Extraction protocol included an on-column DNAse treatment as recommended by the manufacturer. Quality of purified RNA was assessed using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA). RNA integrity number for all evaluated samples was at least 5.0. The NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE) was utilized to determine RNA concentration. Samples each consisting of 250 ng RNA were processed using the Ambion WT Expression Kit (Life Technologies, Austin, TX) and the GeneChip WT Terminal Labeling and Controls Kit (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) according to the manufacturers` recommendations. In following processing steps the Affymetrix GeneChip Hybridization, Wash and Stain Kit was utilized. The hybridization mixtures containing each 5500 ng of cDNA were hybridized for 17 hrs to Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST GeneChip arrays in a hybridization oven at 45°C under rotation (60 rpm). This array type interrogates with a set of 764,885 probes 36.079 annotated reference sequences (NCBI build 36). Subsequent to wash and staining, the arrays were scanned in the GeneChip Scanner 3000 7G. Probe cell intensity data (CEL files) were generated using the GeneChip Command Console Software (AGCC).

Gene expression and alternative splicing analysis

CEL files were imported to Partek Genomics Suite version 6.6 (Partek Inc., MO) and a log-transformed data set of robust multi-chip averaged (RMA), background-adjusted, and normalized values generated using the RMA defaults settings as configured in the Advanced Import Option Tab. Quality of experiments was assessed on the basis of the QC metrics table and QC graphical report. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to assess quality as well as overall variance in gene expression between sample groups. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to generate a list of differentially expressed genes using a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05 and a fold change cut-off >2. FDR is the proportion of false positives among all positives. In Genomics Suite the step up method was implemented to control the FDR. Two dimensional average linkage hierarchical clustering was generated utilizing Spearman’s correlation as a similarity matrix on the set of differentially expressed genes (FVPTC vs. FA). To identify significant genes that intersect or non-intersect between differentially expressed groups, a Venn diagram was created from the Venn diagram menu tab by selecting the corresponding gene lists. For alternative splicing analysis, ANOVA was applied to identify probes with differentially expressed exons using FDR < 0.05 and a fold change cut-off > 2. The performance of Human Gene 1.0 ST arrays to detect alternative splicing events has been assessed [20]. The Partek Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment tool was used in the gene expression workflow to group significantly expressed genes (FVPTC vs. FA) into functional categories in the domains cellular components, molecular functions, and associated biological processes [21]. The GO enrichment score indicates the level of differential expression of genes in a functional category. The score is determined by utilizing a Fisher`s Exact test to compare within a GO domain the proportion of genes represented in a functional category to the proportion not presented in the functional category. The GO data resources are curated by the GO consortium in a controlled and structured vocabulary. The generated array data set complies with MIAME [22] and has been deposited at the NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) under accession number GSE54958.

Functional network and pathway analysis

The Ingenuity Pathways Analysis software (IPA) (Ingenuity Systems, Redwood City, CA) was employed to interpret our expression data in more detail. The main features of IPA are to provide biological insights into a data set by (i) mapping data to the Ingenuity knowledge base that contains IPA curated and GO information, (ii) translating data into diseases and biological functions, (iii) creating de novo molecular networks using algorithms based on biological information, (iv) and determining canonical pathways that are related to the data set. IPA results are sorted and ranked based on statistic scores. We initiated IPA by uploading the gene symbols as clone identifiers, p-values, and fold changes of the set of our differentially expressed genes. IPA workflow comprised core and functional analysis and structural categorization of the processed data. Network assembling was based on the connectivity of the differential expressed genes under the assumption the higher the connectivity of a gene the more significant it is. Non-connective areas were filled with genes from the IPA knowledge base. Canonical pathway analysis included an overlay analysis of predefined pathways with the gene list.

Results

Using Affymetrix HuGene 1.0 ST arrays we compared expression profiles of 6 FVPTCs with 7 FAs and used 7 normal thyroid samples for reference expression. Mean age in both groups was 37 years and besides two male patients with an FA all other patients were females (Additional file 1). In FVPTCs, tumor stage I was revealed in four cases, stage III and stage IV in one case each. No BRAF mutation was identified in the mutational hotspot region of exon 15 in all 13 assayed tumors.

Expression of FVPTC vs. FA

Three-D presentation of the PCA demonstrated that FAs and FVPTCs are clustering closely together as indicated by the bounding ellipsoids (Figure 1). We identified 55 transcripts that were differentially expressed between FAs and FVPTCs (p-value with FDR < 0.05 and fold change cut-off > 2) (Table 1). Forty genes were upregulated and 15 genes downregulated in FVPTCs compared to FAs. The most upregulated genes in FVPTCs include GABA acid B receptor, 2 (GABBR2), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NRCAM), extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1), heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2 (HS6ST2), and retinoid X receptor, gamma (RXRG). The most significantly downregulated genes in FVPTCs include interaction protein for cytohesin exchange factors 1 (IPCEF1), G protein-coupled receptor 155 (GPR155), Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4), chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (CSGALNACT1), and glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1). In the top five genes that were overexpressed in FVPTCs, the fold change (range, 4.09-18.36) was comparably higher than in the top five genes that were overexpressed in FAs (range, 2.47 - 6.48). Other genes, all overexpressed in FVPTCs, with a fold change ≥ 10 include leucine-rich repeat (kinase 2) (LRRK2), odz, odd Oz/ten-m homolog 1 (Drosophila) (ODZ1), lipase, member H (LIPH), and proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1).

Figure 1
figure 1

PCA scatter plot wherein each dot represents a sample with a group specific color. Distance between dots is a dimensional measure for the similarity of the expression profiles of the samples. Bounding ellipsoids are included for each group.

Full size image
Table 1 Fifty-five genes differentially expressed between FVPTCs and FAs and comparison with TN sample expression
Full size table

Hierarchical cluster analysis displays the diverging expression profiles of the 55 differentially expressed genes between FAs and FVPTCs (Figure 2). TN samples were included to provide expression values of normal thyroid tissue. Comparison of either FVPTCs or FAs with TN samples revealed 12280 and 11706 differentially expressed transcripts, respectively. The number of intersecting and non-intersecting genes between the three sets of differentially expressed genes is projected into a Venn diagram illustrating the molecular relationships between the groups (Additional file 2).

Figure 2
figure 2

Hierarchical cluster analysis of 55 genes which were differentially expressed between FAs and FVPTCs. Gene expression of TN samples is included in analysis. Color scheme, red for comparably higher and blue for comparably lower expression.

Full size image

Enrichment score analysis

An enrichment analysis for functional categories in the GO domains cellular component, molecular process, and biological functions was performed on the set of 55 differentially expressed genes (Additional file 3). The most dominant functional categories in the cellular component domain were membrane part (enrichment score 4.90), synapse part (5.73), and membrane (6.16). In the molecular function domain, the prevalent categories consisted of molecular transducer activity (2.72), binding (2.72), and nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity (2.87) whereas in the biological process domain, the dominant categories included localization (5.80), single-organism process (6.03), and developmental process (10.23).

Exon splicing

Statistical exon splicing analysis identified 62 genes for which at least one exon was significantly upregulated and 25 genes for which at least one exon was significantly downregulated in FVPTCs compared to FAs (Additional file 4). This gene list highly overlaps with the list of differentially expressed genes (Table 1) as 52 of the genes were identical in both sets. An example for an exon splicing event is provided for HS6ST2 (Additional file 5).

Network and pathway analysis

Using IPA, a network was assembled based on those connective relationships that were identified in our differentially expressed genes (Figure 3). Upregulated network molecules in FVPTCs include molecules such as ECM1, vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor (VDR), NRCAM, and RXRG and downregulated molecules in FVPTCs include SMAD family member 9 (SMAD9), v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT), and GRIP1. The most significantly associated canonical pathway related to the differentially expressed gene set was thyroid cancer signaling (p = 5.58x10-3).

Figure 3
figure 3

Molecular network analysis based on the set of differentially expressed genes that are known to interact directly or, via intermediate molecules, indirectly. Molecules like ECM1, SMAD9, KIT, VDR, NRCAM, and RXRG are involved in multiple interactions. Color scheme, red for comparably higher and green for comparably lower expression in FVPTCs vs. FAs.

Full size image

Discussion

With our gene expression study we were aiming to identify molecular features that differentiate FVPTC from FA. We detected a set of significantly differentially expressed genes that vary from studies comparing FAs with FTCs, FVPTCs, or PTCs [11, 13, 14, 23, 24]. Oligonucleotide microarray studies that compared either PTCs/FTCs/FVPTCs with FAs/hyperplastic lesions [12] or FTCs with FAs [14] detected 133 and 105 differentially expressed genes, respectively; however, virtually no genes of these studies were shared with our 55 differentially expressed genes.

Top genes upregulated in FVPTC

Among the most overexpressed genes in FVPTCs in our study were GABBR2, NRCAM, ECM1, HS6ST2, RXRG, LRRK2, ODZ1, LIPH, and PLP1. GABBR2 is a component of the heterodimeric G protein-coupled receptor for GABA. Overexpression of GABBR2 has been identified in pediatric post-Chernobyl PTCs compared to sporadic adult PTCs [25]. NRCAM is a member of the neuronal cell adhesion molecules. Prominent overexpression of NRCAM has been detected in PTCs compared to matched normal tissue by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry which led to the suggestion that the molecule is involved in PTC pathogenesis [26]. ECM1 is a soluble molecule that is implicated in angiogenesis and endochondral bone development. Upregulation of ECM1 has been revealed in malignant compared to benign thyroid neoplasms and it has been proven to be useful as a diagnostic marker for thyroid malignancy in fine needle aspiration biopsies [27]. HS6ST2 is a membrane and extracellular matrix associated molecule. Gene silencing of HS6ST2 in pancreatic cells resulted in inhibition of cell progression [28]. RXRG is a member of the retinoid X receptors and forms heterodimers with retinoic acid, VDR, and the thyroid hormone receptor. Significant overexpression of RXRG has been detected in PTCs compared normal thyroid tissue and the receptor proved to be useful in a classifier set consisting of 19 genes to accurately discriminate PTCs from normal thyroid tissue [29]. A biostatistics and microarray survey in PTC and papillary renal cell carcinomas detected concomitant overxpression of LRRK2 and the MET proto-oncogene [30]. Knockdown of LRRK2 in cell culture experiments minimized MET phosphorylation and impaired MET downstream signaling to STAT3 and mTOR resulting in cell cycle arrest. LRRK2 was considerably higher expressed in our FVPTCs compared to FAs (fold change, 20.97) underscoring the known relevance of the MET pathway in thyroid malignancies [31]. ODZ1 belongs to a conserved group of signaling molecules acting as transmembrane receptors and with their intracellular domain as transcriptional factors [32]. An oligonucleotide array study detected upregulation of ODZ1 in PTCs compared to matched normal thyroid samples and the results were confirmed by RT-PCR [33]. The PLP1 protein is a major myelin component and a marker for oligodendrocytes. Functional involvement of PLP1 in thyroid cancer is virtually unknown; however, in glioblastoma multiforme, PLP1 expression correlated with the extent of the oligodendroma component [34]. LIPH is a secreted enzyme that hydrolysis phosphatidic acid into free fatty acid and lysophosphatidic acid which is known as a ligand for a number of G protein-coupled receptors and implicated in receptor signaling in cancer [35]. Based on a microarray data survey, LIPH has been recently discovered as a putative biomarker for lung adenocarcinomas and bronchioloalveolar carcinomas [36]. LIPH was also found to be higher expressed in the serum of lung cancer patients.

Top genes downregulated in FVPTC

Among the most downregulated genes in FVPTCs compared to FAs were IPCEF1, GPR155, PCP4, CSGALNACT1, and GRIP1. IPCEF1 has been identified as the C-terminal part of a protein in which CNK3 represents the N-terminal part [37]. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that knockdown of CNK3/IPEF1 leads to inhibition of hepatocyte growth factor induced cell migration. GPR155 is an integral membrane G protein-coupled receptor harboring an auxin efflux carrier domain, a pleckstrin/G protein-interacting region, and a winged helix repressor DNA-binding domain; however, the function of the receptor is barely known [38]. PCP4 codes for a sodium-dependent neurotransmitter. Upregulation of PCP4 was detected in cerebral tissue from rats that were hyperthyroidic through triiodothyronine application [39]. CSGALNACT1 is a critical glycosyltransferase of chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis. Highest RNA expression among different tissue types tested was identified in the thyroid and placenta and statistical network reconstruction on expression data of multiple myeloma identified that high expression of CSGALNACT1 was associated with favorable prognosis [40, 41]. GRIP1, also known as nuclear receptor coactivator 2 (NCoA-2) encodes a transcriptional co-activator of steroid, thyroid, retinoid, and vitamin D receptors including thyroid hormone receptor alpha [42, 43]. GRIP1 assists these nuclear receptors in promoter-driven DNA expression.

Network genes

Network analysis displayed interactions wherein approximately one third of our set of 55 differentially expressed genes participated either in the extracellular space, transmembrane domain or intracellular compartments (Figure 3). Involved in multiple interactions were a number of molecules including ECM1, VDR, SMAD9, KIT, NRCAM, and RXRG. VDR is involved in gene activation through heterodimerization with the retinoid X receptor and subsequent binding to vitamin D responsive elements [44]. The functional role of the retinoid X receptor as a heterodimerization partner of the thyroid hormone receptor in hormone signaling pathways depends on the cellular context [45]. Further investigations should be envisaged to address the functional role of RXRG, VDR, and the thyroid hormone receptor in thyroid cancer, especially in FVPTCs. SMAD9 is a member of the receptor SMAD family that is involved in the canonical bone morphogenetic pathway. SMAD9 is known to interact with high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) for which a higher expression has been detected in a quantitative RT-PCR assay in FVPTCs and PTCs compared to FAs [46]. KIT encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase type III and activation mutations are associated with a number of tumor types; however, decreased KIT expression has been identified in malignant thyroid lesions compared to benign lesions [47] which is consistent with our findings.

Nucleic acid binding factors

IGF2BP2 is a member of the insulin-like growth factor pathway and it has been shown that its expression correlates with tumor progression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients [48]. Knockdown of HGMA2 in embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma cells resulted in severe downregulation of IGF2BP2 and knockdown of either HGMA2 or IGF2BP2 led to reduced protein levels encoded by the neuroblastoma RAS viral (v-ras) oncogene homolog (NRAS) [49]. Furthermore, binding of IGF2BP2 to the 3`UTR of NRAS resulted in increased stability of the NRAS mRNA and enhanced NRAS protein levels. As gain-of-function mutations in NRAS are found in a minority of FVPTCs [5], overexpression of IGF2BP2 would be an intriguing alternative that leads to enhanced NRAS signalling in thyroid cancer with follicular histology. CRABP2 is known as a co-activator of retinoid acid and retinoid acid receptor signaling [50]. Hypermethylation of CpG islands in the CRABP2 promoter was associated with its downregulation in PTC compared to normal thyroid tissue [51]. We observed a higher expression of CRABP2 in FVPTCs compared to FAs but of notice, CRABP2 was lower expressed (fold change, 1.1) in our FAs compared to TN samples. TFCP2L1 is a crystallin, alpha B (CRYAB) gene promoter interacting transcription factor and lower expression of TFCP2L1 and CRYAB was revealed in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas compared to benign goiters [52]. Lower expression of TFCP2L1 was also detected in PTCs compared to matched normal thyroid samples in a combined microarray/RT-PCR study [53]. The zinc finger factor PLAG1 is a transcriptional activator of a number of genes including insulin-like growth factor II and the cytokine-like factor 1[54]. An RT-PCR analysis of a number of candidate genes for differentiating benign and malignant thyroid lesions detected concordant higher expression of PLAG1 and HMGA2 in FVPTCs, and to a lesser extent in FTCs, compared to other thyroid malignancies (PTCs and a Hurthle cell carcinoma) or benign forms of proliferative thyroid lesions [15]. A strong correlation of PLAG1 and HMGA2 expression was also detected in a number of thyroid carcinomas and uterine leiomyomas and cell culture experiments led to the conclusion that HMGA2 is an upstream activator of PLAG1[46]. Expression of zinc finger transcription factor ZFN521 is known to be required for embryonic stem cell differentiation from the epiblast state into neuroectodermal progenitor cells [55]. Furthermore, cell culture assays indicated that enhanced expression of ZFN521 is associated with reduced recognition of tumor cells by natural killer cells [56]. Downregulation of LMO3 in radiation-related thyroid carcinomas in comparison to matched normal thyroid samples has been detected in a microarray/RT-PCR study conducted on individuals who received iodine-131 doses as a consequence of the Chernobyl accident [57]. In contrast, overexpression of LMO3 has been demonstrated as a marker for development and progression of neuroblastoma and furthermore, cell culture experiments indicated that LMO3 is a p53 co-suppressor [58]. In lung adenocarcinomas bearing a NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1) amplification, the oncogenic capacity of LMO3 as a transcription regulator downstream of NKX2-1 has been demonstrated [59]. The neuro-oncological ventral antigen 1 (NOVA1) encodes an alternative splicing factor and is transcriptionally subject to A-to-I editing [60]. High expression of the NOVA1 RNA-binding protein has been found to be associated with unfavorable prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma [61].

In summary, our expression profile study identified a set of candidate genes which are implicated in molecular mechanisms that differentiate FAs from FVPTCs and thus, add to our knowledge of the tumor biology of these histopathologically related, but clinically distinct entities. Further studies have to address the question to what extent the identified genes are solely discriminators of histopathological interest or have functional implication in a not yet defined transition process from FA to FVPTC.

Abbreviations

FA:

follicular adenoma

FTC:

follicular variant of PTC

FVPTC or FV:

follicular variant of PTC

PTC:

papillary thyroid carcinoma

TN:

normal thyroid.

References

  1. Hussain F, Iqbal S, Mehmood A, Bazarbashi S, ElHassan T, Chaudhri N: Incidence of thyroid cancer in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2000-2010. Hematology/oncology and stem cell therapy. 2013, 6: 58-64. 10.1016/j.hemonc.2013.05.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Yu XM, Schneider DF, Leverson G, Chen H, Sippel RS: Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma is a unique clinical entity: a population-based study of 10,740 cases. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2013, 23: 1263-1268. 10.1089/thy.2012.0453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Schulten HJ, Salama S, Al-Mansouri Z, Alotibi R, Al-Ghamdi K, Al-Hamour OA, Sayadi H, Al-Aradati H, Al-Johari A, Huwait E, et al: BRAF mutations in thyroid tumors from an ethnically diverse group. Hereditary cancer in clinical practice. 2012, 10: 10-10.1186/1897-4287-10-10.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lloyd RV, Buehler D, Khanafshar E: Papillary thyroid carcinoma variants. Head and neck pathology. 2011, 5: 51-56. 10.1007/s12105-010-0236-9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Schulten HJ, Salama S, Al-Ahmadi A, Al-Mansouri Z, Mirza Z, Al-Ghamdi K, Al-Hamour OA, Huwait E, Gari M, Al-Qahtani MH, Al-Maghrabi J: Comprehensive Survey of HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS Mutations in Proliferative Thyroid Lesions from An Ethnically Diverse Population. Anticancer Res. 2013, 33: 4779-4784.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Morris V, Kopetz S: BRAF inhibitors in clinical oncology. F1000prime reports. 2013, 5: 11-

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Fukahori M, Yoshida A, Hayashi H, Yoshihara M, Matsukuma S, Sakuma Y, Koizume S, Okamoto N, Kondo T, Masuda M, Miyagi Y: The associations between RAS mutations and clinical characteristics in follicular thyroid tumors: new insights from a single center and a large patient cohort. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2012, 22: 683-689. 10.1089/thy.2011.0261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Nakamura N, Erickson LA, Jin L, Kajita S, Zhang H, Qian X, Rumilla K, Lloyd RV: Immunohistochemical separation of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma from follicular adenoma. Endocr Pathol. 2006, 17: 213-223. 10.1385/EP:17:3:213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Blanchard C, Brient C, Volteau C, Sebag F, Roy M, Drui D, Hamy A, Mathonnet M, Henry JF, Mirallie E: Factors predictive of lymph node metastasis in the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The British journal of surgery. 2013, 100: 1312-1317. 10.1002/bjs.9210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lloyd RV, Erickson LA, Casey MB, Lam KY, Lohse CM, Asa SL, Chan JK, DeLellis RA, Harach HR, Kakudo K, et al: Observer variation in the diagnosis of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The American journal of surgical pathology. 2004, 28: 1336-1340. 10.1097/01.pas.0000135519.34847.f6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Finley DJ, Arora N, Zhu B, Gallagher L, Fahey TJ: Molecular profiling distinguishes papillary carcinoma from benign thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004, 89: 3214-3223. 10.1210/jc.2003-031811.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Finley DJ, Zhu B, Barden CB, Fahey TJ: Discrimination of benign and malignant thyroid nodules by molecular profiling. Ann Surg. 2004, 240: 425-436. 10.1097/01.sla.0000137128.64978.bc. discussion 436-427

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chevillard S, Ugolin N, Vielh P, Ory K, Levalois C, Elliott D, Clayman GL, El-Naggar AK: Gene expression profiling of differentiated thyroid neoplasms: diagnostic and clinical implications. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2004, 10: 6586-6597. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0053.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Barden CB, Shister KW, Zhu B, Guiter G, Greenblatt DY, Zeiger MA, Fahey TJ: Classification of follicular thyroid tumors by molecular signature: results of gene profiling. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2003, 9: 1792-1800.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Prasad NB, Somervell H, Tufano RP, Dackiw AP, Marohn MR, Califano JA, Wang Y, Westra WH, Clark DP, Umbricht CB, et al: Identification of genes differentially expressed in benign versus malignant thyroid tumors. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2008, 14: 3327-3337. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4495.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Renshaw AA, Gould EW: Why there is the tendency to "overdiagnose" the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. American journal of clinical pathology. 2002, 117: 19-21. 10.1309/CJEU-XLQ7-UPVE-NWFV.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Faquin WC: The thyroid gland: recurring problems in histologic and cytologic evaluation. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine. 2008, 132: 622-632.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Thyroid. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. Edited by: Edge SB BD, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A. 2010, New York: Springer, 87-96.

  19. DeLellis RA, Williams ED: Thyroid and parathyroid tumors. Pathology and genetics of tumours of endocrine organs (IARC WHO classification of tumours). Edited by: DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz PU, Eng C. 2004, Lyons: IARC Press, 51-56.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Robinson MD, Speed TP: A comparison of Affymetrix gene expression arrays. BMC bioinformatics. 2007, 8: 449-10.1186/1471-2105-8-449.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ashburner M, Ball CA, Blake JA, Botstein D, Butler H, Cherry JM, Davis AP, Dolinski K, Dwight SS, Eppig JT, et al: Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. The Gene Ontology Consortium. Nature genetics. 2000, 25: 25-29. 10.1038/75556.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Brazma A, Hingamp P, Quackenbush J, Sherlock G, Spellman P, Stoeckert C, Aach J, Ansorge W, Ball CA, Causton HC, et al: Minimum information about a microarray experiment (MIAME)-toward standards for microarray data. Nature genetics. 2001, 29: 365-371. 10.1038/ng1201-365.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Weber F, Shen L, Aldred MA, Morrison CD, Frilling A, Saji M, Schuppert F, Broelsch CE, Ringel MD, Eng C: Genetic classification of benign and malignant thyroid follicular neoplasia based on a three-gene combination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005, 90: 2512-2521. 10.1210/jc.2004-2028.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhao J, Leonard C, Gemsenjager E, Heitz PU, Moch H, Odermatt B: Differentiation of human follicular thyroid adenomas from carcinomas by gene expression profiling. Oncology reports. 2008, 19: 329-337.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Stein L, Rothschild J, Luce J, Cowell JK, Thomas G, Bogdanova TI, Tronko MD, Hawthorn L: Copy number and gene expression alterations in radiation-induced papillary thyroid carcinoma from chernobyl pediatric patients. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2010, 20: 475-487. 10.1089/thy.2009.0008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Gorka B, Skubis-Zegadlo J, Mikula M, Bardadin K, Paliczka E, Czarnocka B: NrCAM, a neuronal system cell-adhesion molecule, is induced in papillary thyroid carcinomas. British journal of cancer. 2007, 97: 531-538. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603915.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kebebew E, Peng M, Reiff E, Duh QY, Clark OH, McMillan A: ECM1 and TMPRSS4 are diagnostic markers of malignant thyroid neoplasms and improve the accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy. Ann Surg. 2005, 242: 353-361. discussion 361-353

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Song K, Li Q, Peng YB, Li J, Ding K, Chen LJ, Shao CH, Zhang LJ, Li P: Silencing of hHS6ST2 inhibits progression of pancreatic cancer through inhibition of Notch signalling. The Biochemical journal. 2011, 436: 271-282. 10.1042/BJ20110297.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Jarzab B, Wiench M, Fujarewicz K, Simek K, Jarzab M, Oczko-Wojciechowska M, Wloch J, Czarniecka A, Chmielik E, Lange D, et al: Gene expression profile of papillary thyroid cancer: sources of variability and diagnostic implications. Cancer research. 2005, 65: 1587-1597. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3078.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Looyenga BD, Furge KA, Dykema KJ, Koeman J, Swiatek PJ, Giordano TJ, West AB, Resau JH, Teh BT, MacKeigan JP: Chromosomal amplification of leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) is required for oncogenic MET signaling in papillary renal and thyroid carcinomas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2011, 108: 1439-1444. 10.1073/pnas.1012500108.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Zhou Y, Zhao C, Gery S, Braunstein GD, Okamoto R, Alvarez R, Miles SA, Doan NB, Said JW, Gu J, Phillip Koeffler H: Off-target effects of c-MET inhibitors on thyroid cancer cells. Molecular cancer therapeutics. 2014, 13: 134-143.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Tucker RP, Chiquet-Ehrismann R: Teneurins: a conserved family of transmembrane proteins involved in intercellular signaling during development. Developmental biology. 2006, 290: 237-245. 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.11.038.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Huang Y, Prasad M, Lemon WJ, Hampel H, Wright FA, Kornacker K, LiVolsi V, Frankel W, Kloos RT, Eng C, et al: Gene expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma reveals highly consistent profiles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001, 98: 15044-15049. 10.1073/pnas.251547398.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kong J, Cooper LA, Wang F, Gao J, Teodoro G, Scarpace L, Mikkelsen T, Schniederjan MJ, Moreno CS, Saltz JH, Brat DJ: Machine-based morphologic analysis of glioblastoma using whole-slide pathology images uncovers clinically relevant molecular correlates. PloS one. 2013, 8: e81049-10.1371/journal.pone.0081049.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Houben AJ, Moolenaar WH: Autotaxin and LPA receptor signaling in cancer. Cancer metastasis reviews. 2011, 30: 557-565. 10.1007/s10555-011-9319-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Seki Y, Yoshida Y, Ishimine H, Shinozaki-Ushiku A, Ito Y, Sumitomo K, Nakajima J, Fukayama M, Michiue T, Asashima M, Kurisaki A: Lipase member H is a novel secreted protein selectively upregulated in human lung adenocarcinomas and bronchioloalveolar carcinomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014, 443: 1141-1147. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Attar MA, Salem JC, Pursel HS, Santy LC: CNK3 and IPCEF1 produce a single protein that is required for HGF dependent Arf6 activation and migration. Experimental cell research. 2012, 318: 228-237. 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.10.018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Nishimura Y, Martin CL, Vazquez-Lopez A, Spence SJ, Alvarez-Retuerto AI, Sigman M, Steindler C, Pellegrini S, Schanen NC, Warren ST, Geschwind DH: Genome-wide expression profiling of lymphoblastoid cell lines distinguishes different forms of autism and reveals shared pathways. Human molecular genetics. 2007, 16: 1682-1698. 10.1093/hmg/ddm116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Haas MJ, Mreyoud A, Fishman M, Mooradian AD: Microarray analysis of thyroid hormone-induced changes in mRNA expression in the adult rat brain. Neuroscience letters. 2004, 365: 14-18. 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.04.028.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gotoh M, Sato T, Akashima T, Iwasaki H, Kameyama A, Mochizuki H, Yada T, Inaba N, Zhang Y, Kikuchi N, et al: Enzymatic synthesis of chondroitin with a novel chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that transfers N-acetylgalactosamine to glucuronic acid in initiation and elongation of chondroitin sulfate synthesis. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2002, 277: 38189-38196. 10.1074/jbc.M203619200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Agnelli L, Forcato M, Ferrari F, Tuana G, Todoerti K, Walker BA, Morgan GJ, Lombardi L, Bicciato S, Neri A: The reconstruction of transcriptional networks reveals critical genes with implications for clinical outcome of multiple myeloma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2011, 17: 7402-7412. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0596.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Bhandare R, Damera G, Banerjee A, Flammer JR, Keslacy S, Rogatsky I, Panettieri RA, Amrani Y, Tliba O: Glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein-1 restores glucocorticoid responsiveness in steroid-resistant airway structural cells. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology. 2010, 42: 9-15. 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0239RC.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hong H, Kohli K, Garabedian MJ, Stallcup MR: GRIP1, a transcriptional coactivator for the AF-2 transactivation domain of steroid, thyroid, retinoid, and vitamin D receptors. Molecular and cellular biology. 1997, 17: 2735-2744.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Poon AH, Gong L, Brasch-Andersen C, Litonjua AA, Raby BA, Hamid Q, Laprise C, Weiss ST, Altman RB, Klein TE: Very important pharmacogene summary for VDR. Pharmacogenetics and genomics. 2012, 22: 758-763. 10.1097/FPC.0b013e328354455c.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Castillo AI, Sanchez-Martinez R, Moreno JL, Martinez-Iglesias OA, Palacios D, Aranda A: A permissive retinoid X receptor/thyroid hormone receptor heterodimer allows stimulation of prolactin gene transcription by thyroid hormone and 9-cis-retinoic acid. Molecular and cellular biology. 2004, 24: 502-513. 10.1128/MCB.24.2.502-513.2004.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Klemke M, Muller MH, Wosniok W, Markowski DN, Nimzyk R, Helmke BM, Bullerdiek J: Correlated Expression of HMGA2 and PLAG1 in Thyroid Tumors, Uterine Leiomyomas and Experimental Models. PloS one. 2014, 9: e88126-10.1371/journal.pone.0088126.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Tomei S, Mazzanti C, Marchetti I, Rossi L, Zavaglia K, Lessi F, Apollo A, Aretini P, Di Coscio G, Bevilacqua G: c-KIT receptor expression is strictly associated with the biological behaviour of thyroid nodules. Journal of translational medicine. 2012, 10: 7-10.1186/1479-5876-10-7.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Alajez NM, Shi W, Wong D, Lenarduzzi M, Waldron J, Weinreb I, Liu FF: Lin28b promotes head and neck cancer progression via modulation of the insulin-like growth factor survival pathway. Oncotarget. 2012, 3: 1641-1652.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Li Z, Zhang Y, Ramanujan K, Ma Y, Kirsch DG, Glass DJ: Oncogenic NRAS, required for pathogenesis of embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma, relies upon the HMGA2-IGF2BP2 pathway. Cancer research. 2013, 73: 3041-3050. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-3947.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Despouy G, Bastie JN, Deshaies S, Balitrand N, Mazharian A, Rochette-Egly C, Chomienne C, Delva L: Cyclin D3 is a cofactor of retinoic acid receptors, modulating their activity in the presence of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2003, 278: 6355-6362. 10.1074/jbc.M210697200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Huang Y, de la Chapelle A, Pellegata NS: Hypermethylation, but not LOH, is associated with the low expression of MT1G and CRABP1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2003, 104: 735-744. 10.1002/ijc.11006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Mineva I, Gartner W, Hauser P, Kainz A, Loffler M, Wolf G, Oberbauer R, Weissel M, Wagner L: Differential expression of alphaB-crystallin and Hsp27-1 in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas because of tumor-specific alphaB-crystallin gene (CRYAB) silencing. Cell stress & chaperones. 2005, 10: 171-184. 10.1379/CSC-107R.1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kim HS, Kim do H, Kim JY, Jeoung NH, Lee IK, Bong JG, Jung ED: Microarray analysis of papillary thyroid cancers in Korean. The Korean journal of internal medicine. 2010, 25: 399-407. 10.3904/kjim.2010.25.4.399.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Voz ML, Mathys J, Hensen K, Pendeville H, Van Valckenborgh I, Van Huffel C, Chavez M, Van Damme B, De Moor B, Moreau Y, Van de Ven WJ: Microarray screening for target genes of the proto-oncogene PLAG1. Oncogene. 2004, 23: 179-191. 10.1038/sj.onc.1207013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kamiya D, Banno S, Sasai N, Ohgushi M, Inomata H, Watanabe K, Kawada M, Yakura R, Kiyonari H, Nakao K, et al: Intrinsic transition of embryonic stem-cell differentiation into neural progenitors. Nature. 2011, 470: 503-509. 10.1038/nature09726.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. La Rocca R, Fulciniti M, Lakshmikanth T, Mesuraca M, Ali TH, Mazzei V, Amodio N, Catalano L, Rotoli B, Ouerfelli O, et al: Early hematopoietic zinc finger protein prevents tumor cell recognition by natural killer cells. Journal of immunology. 2009, 182: 4529-4537. 10.4049/jimmunol.0802109.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Abend M, Pfeiffer RM, Ruf C, Hatch M, Bogdanova TI, Tronko MD, Riecke A, Hartmann J, Meineke V, Boukheris H, et al: Iodine-131 dose dependent gene expression in thyroid cancers and corresponding normal tissues following the Chernobyl accident. PloS one. 2012, 7: e39103-10.1371/journal.pone.0039103.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Larsen S, Yokochi T, Isogai E, Nakamura Y, Ozaki T, Nakagawara A: LMO3 interacts with p53 and inhibits its transcriptional activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010, 392: 252-257. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Watanabe H, Francis JM, Woo MS, Etemad B, Lin W, Fries DF, Peng S, Snyder EL, Tata PR, Izzo F, et al: Integrated cistromic and expression analysis of amplified NKX2-1 in lung adenocarcinoma identifies LMO3 as a functional transcriptional target. Genes & development. 2013, 27: 197-210. 10.1101/gad.203208.112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Irimia M, Denuc A, Ferran JL, Pernaute B, Puelles L, Roy SW, Garcia-Fernandez J, Marfany G: Evolutionarily conserved A-to-I editing increases protein stability of the alternative splicing factor Nova1. RNA biology. 2012, 9: 12-21. 10.4161/rna.9.1.18387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Zhang YA, Zhu JM, Yin J, Tang WQ, Guo YM, Shen XZ, Liu TT: High expression of neuro-oncological ventral antigen 1 correlates with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. PloS one. 2014, 9: e90955-10.1371/journal.pone.0090955.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Habuchi H, Miyake G, Nogami K, Kuroiwa A, Matsuda Y, Kusche-Gullberg M, Habuchi O, Tanaka M, Kimata K: Biosynthesis of heparan sulphate with diverse structures and functions: two alternatively spliced forms of human heparan sulphate 6-O-sulphotransferase-2 having different expression patterns and properties. The Biochemical journal. 2003, 371: 131-142. 10.1042/BJ20021259.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Reem Alotibi, Alaa Al-Ahmadi, Amal M. Nour, and Shireen Hussain for excellent technical assistance. This study was supported by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) grants 09-BIO707-03 and 13-BIO2289-03.

Declarations

Publication charges for this article have been funded by the Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

This article has been published as part of BMC Genomics Volume 16 Supplement 1, 2015: Selected articles from the 2nd International Genomic Medical Conference (IGMC 2013): Genomics. The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/supplements/16/S1

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Hans-Juergen Schulten, Ibtisam Baghallab, Nadia Bagatian, Ohoud Subhi, Sajjad Karim & Mohammad Hussain Al-Qahtani

  2. KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Hans-Juergen Schulten, Sajjad Karim & Mohammad Hussain Al-Qahtani

  3. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Zuhoor Al-Mansouri, Hosam Al-Aradati, Abdulmonem Al-Mutawa & Jaudah Al-Maghrabi

  4. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Adel Johary, Abdulrahman A Meccawy & Khalid Al-Ghamdi

  5. Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Osman Abdel Al-Hamour

  6. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Jaudah Al-Maghrabi

Authors
  1. Hans-Juergen Schulten
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zuhoor Al-Mansouri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ibtisam Baghallab
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nadia Bagatian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ohoud Subhi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sajjad Karim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hosam Al-Aradati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Abdulmonem Al-Mutawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Adel Johary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Abdulrahman A Meccawy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Khalid Al-Ghamdi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Osman Abdel Al-Hamour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Mohammad Hussain Al-Qahtani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hans-Juergen Schulten.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

JM and MHQ made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study. IB, NB, and OS processed expression arrays and were involved in data interpretation. AJ, AAM, KG and OAH were responsible for surgeries, and with ZM had oversight of clinical databases and contributed to the conception and design of the study. JM, HA, AM performed histological examinations. SK and HJS performed data analysis. HJS had general oversight of the study. HJS, JM, and MHQ interpreted data and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript

Electronic supplementary material

Additional file 1: Demographic and clinicopathological features of FA and FVPTC cases. (DOCX 39 KB)

12864_2015_6941_MOESM2_ESM.jpeg

Additional file 2: A Venn diagram visualizing the number of differentially expressed genes that intersect or non-intersect between the comparison groups FVPTC vs. FA, FA vs. TN, and FVPTC vs. TN. Of the 55 differentially expressed genes in FVPTC vs. FA, eight were only differentially expressed within this comparison group whereas other nine differentially expressed genes intersect with FA vs. TN and another 33 genes intersect with FVPTC vs. TN. Five differentially expressed genes were shared among all three groups.(JPEG 96 KB)

12864_2015_6941_MOESM3_ESM.tif

Additional file 3: GO enrichmment analysis for the 55 genes that were differentially expressed between FVPTC and FA. The functional categories are ranked according to their p-values. (A) In the cellular component domain, the categories membrane part (4.90), synapse part (5.73), and membrane (6.16) were prevalent. (B) In the molecular function domain, the prevalent categories were molecular transducer activity (2.72), binding (2.72), and nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity (2.87). (C) In the biological process domain, the dominant categories were localization (5.80), single-organism process (6.03), and developmental process (10.23).(TIF 3 MB)

12864_2015_6941_MOESM4_ESM.docx

Additional file 4: Eighty-seven genes with exons differentially expressed between FVPTCs and FAs. This is an unfiltered gene list based on statistics measures and may include genes where, e.g. different exon expression levels were caused by RNA degradation.(DOCX 33 KB)

12864_2015_6941_MOESM5_ESM.tif

Additional file 5: Exon splicing in heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2 (HS6ST2). The exons of the gene are interrogated with nine oligonucleotide probes of which five are highly overexpressed in FVPTCs compared to FAs and TN samples. Exon splicing events in HS6ST2 conferring different properties are known[62]. (TIF 190 KB)

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Schulten, HJ., Al-Mansouri, Z., Baghallab, I. et al. Comparison of microarray expression profiles between follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas and follicular adenomas of the thyroid. BMC Genomics 16 (Suppl 1), S7 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-16-S1-S7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-16-S1-S7

Keywords

  • whole-transcript oligonucleotide microarrays; expression profiling
  • follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC)
  • follicular adenoma (FA) of the thyroid.

BMC Genomics

ISSN: 1471-2164

Contact us