Generation and analysis of large-scale expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a full-length enriched cDNA library of porcine backfat tissue

The breeding goals for pigs are largely directed towards retail carcass yield and meat quality because of the high economic value of these traits [1]. The marbling score, which is associated with the intramuscular fat (IMF) content, is one of the most important parameters for determining meat quality [2]. Backfat thickness (BFT) is moderately correlated with marbling traits [1]. BFT along with the average daily gain in mass have been the main selection traits among the finishing traits in the pig-breeding industry [1].

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and candidate gene analysis are currently being used to identify genes or markers associated with traits of economic interest. In the past decade, dozens of chromosome regions affecting traits related to fat deposition, such as IMF and BFT, in the pig have been reported using QTL mapping [51]. However, few of the genes controlling these QTL have been identified because a QTL may contain hundreds of potential polymorphic candidates.

The identification and localisation of genes expressed in tissues will enhance the selection and evaluation of candidate genes associated with QTL [3]. Expressed sequence tag (EST) projects provide a convenient and efficient approach for identifying and characterising the transcripts of genes expressed in tissues and cells. Moreover, the development of large-scale ESTs from various tissues has contributed to the construction of cDNA microarrays.

In pigs, the first EST project [4] and first large-scale EST project [5] have been reported. Subsequently, several research groups have generated ESTs from cDNA libraries constructed from various porcine tissues, such as anterior pituitary [6], backfat [7], brain [8], liver [9], skeletal muscle [10–12], orthopaedic implant-associated infection [13], and reproductive tissues [13–17].

Full-length cDNAs can be especially valuable resources for both functional genomics studies and the genomic structure of genes [18]. However, most porcine ESTs in public databases were derived from conventional cDNA libraries that have some drawbacks for isolating full-length cDNAs. In pigs, only two research groups have reported ESTs derived from full-length cDNA libraries constructed in the thymus, spleen, uterus, lung, liver, ovarian tissues, peripheral blood mononuclear cells [19], and olfactory bulbs [20]. However, ESTs generated from a full-length cDNA library constructed from backfat have not yet been deposited in a public database.

As a preliminary step towards developing large-scale EST sets expressed in adipose tissues and cells for the application of cDNA microarrays, we constructed a full-length enriched cDNA library from porcine backfat tissue using standard and normalised methods. In addition, we sequenced and characterised approximately 17,600 random clones.

Genome research in farm animals will expand our basic knowledge of the genetic control of complex traits, and the results will be applied in the livestock industry to improve meat quality and productivity, as well as to reduce the incidence of disease [30]. A combination of quantitative trait locus mapping and microarray analysis is a useful approach to reduce the overall effort needed to identify genes associated with quantitative traits of interest [31].

This is the first paper related to the construction and large-scale EST analysis of a full-length enriched cDNA library from porcine backfat tissue. The estimated average cDNA insert size of this library was 1.7 kb, which was no smaller than for other full-length cDNA libraries [20, 32]. In addition, the fullness ratio was 70%, which was similar to 60–70% for full-length enriched cDNA libraries constructed using methods of selecting the cap structure [21, 22, 33–37]. For the normalised library, the redundancy rate was reduced by approximately five times when the library was normalised in this study. Our result was similar to a reported reduction of 4.3 times [8]. The redundancy rate of ESTs from the non-normalised library was extremely high compared with those of the other cDNA libraries that have been constructed using our method (data not shown). The redundancy rate of the non-normalised library may still be high owing to the biological characteristics of porcine backfat tissue. As shown in Table 2, the 38 most abundant transcripts include 35.5% of the 13,991 ESTs generated from the non-normalised library. The library described was successfully normalised and proved to be an excellent resource for collecting unique transcripts expressed in porcine backfat tissue. In addition, these inserts were ligated unidirectionally into a pCNS-D2 plasmid vector [23] that can be expressed in mammalian cells. These clones could be readily used for expression and function studies, and will prove a valuable resource for functional genomics, as well as for genome annotation.

In this study, 16,110 high-quality ESTs were generated from 17,664 random clones and deposited into GenBank. To analyse the 16,110 ESTs efficiently, they were clustered into putative unique transcripts, and GO analysis was performed for functional studies. Sequences expressed in porcine backfat tissue contained a high percentage of chaperone regulator activity (39 times), antioxidant activity (4.9 times), translation regulator activity (3.7 times), and transporter activity (2.6 times) compared to total pig TCs in a molecular function category. Strangely, the GO terms of the viron and viral life cycle were significantly enriched in the backfat library compared with the SsGI. Backfat tissue consists of several different kinds of cell types and some studies have shown severe macrophage infiltration of obese adipose tissue [49, 50]. Currently, we are reluctant to make hasty biological inferences from the data without validating it experimentally. Therefore, further study is needed to elucidate why the GO terms of the viron and viral life cycle are enriched in the backfat library. This suggests that ESTs deposited in the TIGR database were generated from various kinds of tissues or growth/developmental stages of a certain tissue or germinal cells. The percentage of sequences within different categories of the gene ontology index showed different distributions according to tissues used for the construction of the cDNA library [12, 17, 20, 38, 39]. Although our data are limited by the fact that this library was constructed from pooled samples collected at various growth stages, a functional categorisation of ESTs with known gene matches underlines general differences in the expression profiles of different tissues.

To identify novel sequences, the sequences of SsGI (ver 11.0) and our unique sequences were compared using the stand-alone BLAST program (ver 2.29) of NCBI. As a result, we obtained 1,854 putative novel transcripts with no BLAST hits. Novel transcripts may be expressed differently among tissues. In particular, we suggest that many of the novel transcripts observed in this study are expressed only in backfat tissue. However, we suggest that a large number of novel transcripts resulted from the lack of ESTs derived from porcine backfat tissue in the TIGR database. Moreover, several porcine ESTs in the TIGR SsGI were generated based on 3' end sequencing, while our sequences were produced from the 5' end. Sequence information for a certain EST in the TIGR database may show insufficient overlap between our sequences and sequences in the TIGR database to identify high similarity, although the two sequences may actually represent the same gene.

To date, approximately 400,000 ESTs derived from porcine tissues have been deposited in public databases. TIGR released SsGI ver 11.0 (18 January 2005), which consists of 38,781 TC sequences, 65,000 singleton ESTs, and 546 singleton ETs generated from approximately 400,000 ESTs. However, relatively few ESTs derived from porcine backfat tissue are stored in public databases. Before our study, 298 ESTs from porcine backfat tissue were assigned to a porcine radiation hybrid map [7]. Only 49 ESTs generated from a cDNA library from porcine backfat tissue and 54 ESTs derived from a cDNA library constructed from porcine longissimus dorsi muscle and backfat tissue have been deposited in GenBank. By contrast, approximately 130,000 ESTs generated from a full-length cDNA library are available from GenBank, and the Pig EST data explorer (PEDE) provides 68,076 ESTs consisting of 5,546 contigs and 28,461 singletons from full-length cDNA libraries constructed from various tissues [19]. However, ESTs derived from a full-length cDNA library constructed from porcine backfat tissue have not yet been deposited in public databases.

The most abundant transcript in porcine backfat tissue, which represented 4.9% of the ESTs derived from the non-normalised library, was the mitochondrial solute carrier family 25 member 6, which plays a fundamental role in cellular energy metabolism (Table 2). The most abundant transcripts expressed in backfat tissue were also expressed in olfactory bulbs of 5-week-old pigs [20]. Mitochondrial solute carrier family 25 member 6 was also the most abundant transcript in the olfactory bulbs of 5-week-old pigs. The expression of this gene has been reported to decrease when the cells are induced to differentiate in humans [40]. The most abundant genes were related to proteins involved in cell structure, cell growth, and basic cell functions. Elongation factor 1, which is essential for protein synthesis, was the fourth most abundant transcript. It was expressed secondarily in porcine Peyer's patch [39]. Seven of the 38 most abundant genes were related to SLA. The nomenclature for factors of the SLA class-I system [48] classifies them into four alleles (SLA-1*w13ms21, SLA-1*w08sz01, SLA-1*w11yn01, SLA-1*w09ms09) in class-1 group, two alleles (SLA-2*05sy01, SLA-2*w09sn01) in class-2 group, and one allele (SLA-3*0101) in class-3 group of SLA class I. Of these, SLA-1*w13ms21 is the most abundantly expressed SLA allele in backfat tissue. The swine leukocyte antigen is also the most abundantly expressed transcript in oocytes during embryogenesis in pigs [17]. Vimentin, which encodes an intermediate filament protein, was the tenth most abundant transcript in our study. The frequency of sequences obtained for a particular gene is proportional to the level of expression of that gene because all sequences were obtained through random selection of clones [42, 43]. By contrast, a total of 1,651 unique sequences with 270 contigs and 1,651 singlets were generated from 2,269 high-quality sequences from 2,302 clones of the normalised library. Thirty-eight of the 270 contigs assembled three or more sequences, of which the most abundant transcript composed of 8 ESTs was matched with haplotype H01 of SLA class I (AJ131112). Moreover, 9 of 38 contigs were not observed in sequences generated from the non-normalised library, of which five contigs were putative noble transcripts and the others were matched with ITBA1 protein (XM_864356), FATZ related protein 3 (AJ300587), bone morphogenetic protein 7 precursor (NM_001719), and growth factor (NM_005262). However, we did not find backfat-specific ESTs among the abundantly expressed transcripts in the normalised library.

DNA microarray technology is a useful tool for studying the expression of a large number of genes in a particular tissue or cell type and allows an efficient, objective, and quantitative evaluation of genes in the QTL. It has the potential to reduce the overall effort needed in identifying genes causally associated with quantitative traits of interest [31, 44].

To date, porcine cDNA microarrays have been reported using EST sets derived from skeletal muscle [45], whole embryo and adult skeletal muscle, and differential display PCR products from foetal and postnatal muscle [41], brain [8], small intestine [46], and ovarian follicle [47]. More recently, oligonucleotide arrays, such as QIAGEN Array-Ready Oligo Set for the Pig Genome (version 1.0), the Pig Genome Oligo Extension Set (version 1.0), and the Affymetix GeneChip Porcine Genome Array, representing 20,201 genes, have been made available commercially. However, large-scale EST data sets are essential resources for constructing comprehensive cDNA or oligonucleotide arrays. Therefore, the EST information generated in this study will be valuable for studying expression profiles using EST-based microarrays and will assist in the condensation of current pig TCs into clusters representing longer stretches of cDNA sequences.

In conclusion, approximately 70% of the full-length enriched cDNA library of porcine backfat tissue constructed in this study consisted of full-length cDNAs. Moreover, because pCNS-D2, the plasmid vector used for this library, can be expressed in mammalian cells, these clones could be used readily for expression and function studies. These sequence data will provide valuable information for identifying porcine genes expressed in backfat tissue. The isolation of genes expressed in backfat tissue is the first step towards a better understanding of backfat tissue on a genomic basis. The nonredundant ESTs generated from this library will allow us to construct cDNA microarrays for expression assays and to localise them onto a physical map for assessing genes that regulate fat accumulation in backfat tissue and further affect meat quality in pigs. Moreover, these expressed sequences will contribute towards expanding the comparative map between the pig and mammals such as humans and mice that have well characterised genomes.